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PSGY1003 Biological Psychology > the frontal lobes > Flashcards

the frontal lobes Flashcards

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1
Q

how much of the brain does the frontal lobe make up?

A

1/3 of the brain

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2
Q

Laterally, what is the major subdivision of the frontal lobe?

A

central sulcus

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3
Q

Medially, what is the major subdivision of the frontal lobe?

A

cingulate sulcus

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4
Q

what are the 3 main subdivisions of the frontal lobe?

A

1/ primary motor cortex

2/ premotor cortex

3/ prefrontal cortex

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5
Q

describe the cellular structure of the primary motor cortex

A
  • has giant Betz cells in layer V (5)
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6
Q

describe the cellular structure of the premotor cortex

A
  • has no granular cells in layer IV (4)
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7
Q

describe the cellular structure of the prefrontal cortex

A
  • has granular cells in layer IV (4)
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8
Q

where is the primary motor cortex on Brodmann’s map?

A

Brodmann area 4 (BA 4)

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9
Q

where is the premotor cortex on Brodmann’s map?

A

Brodmann area 6 (BA 6)

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10
Q

where is the prefrontal cortex on Brodmann’s map?

A

Brodmann area (BA…)
8,
9,
10,
11,
45,
46,
47

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11
Q

outline the functions of the motor cortex

A
  • control skeletal muscles together with other structures
  • does all the controlling

other structures:
- basal ganglia (responsible for primary motor control)

  • thalamus (relay station for information)
  • cerebellum (modulates commands to motor neurones, balance, equilibrium)
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12
Q

outline the functions of premotor cortex

A
  • does more higher order motor control
  • movement planning
  • movement selection
  • inhibitory control of motor cortex (permits an individual to inhibit their impulse and select more appropriate behaviour)
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13
Q

what is the traditional approach to studying the neuropsychology of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • studying patients with frontal lobe lesion deficits
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14
Q

outline the verbal fluency task (Milner, 1964)

A
  • had ppts write down as many words beginning with a particular letter for a minute, then changed the letter
  • used to provide insight to language production ability
  • provide insight into cognitive impairments
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15
Q

outline the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Milner, 1964)

A
  • designed to measure persons ability to shift cognitive strategies and adapt to changing circumstances
  • involves 128 cards
  • each card marked with 4 possible stimuli
  • ppt instructed to sort cards into one of 4 piles, each representing the 4 stimuli
  • ppts is not told the sorting rule, this is deduced based on feedback from examiner
  • sorting rule is changed multiple times throughout experiment without warning
  • requiring ppt to shift their cognitive strategy
  • ppts performance measured by number of errors
  • test is used to asses executive function and cognitive flexibility
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16
Q

outline the Stroop Task (Perret, 1974)

A
  • measures ability to inhibit cognitive interference and selectively attend to specific information
  • The task involves presenting the participant with a series of colour names printed in different coloured inks
  • ppt instructed to name the colour of the ink as quickly and accurately as possible, while ignoring the written word
17
Q

outline the Tower of London task (Shallice, 1982)

A
  • task measures planning, problem-solving and executive function
  • ppt presented with a board that has 3 pegs of different heights and set of coloured balls arranged in specific pattern
  • ppt instructed to move the balls from starting position to a target configuration
  • only one ball moved at a time, balls cannot be placed on larger balls, must be completed in certain time limit
  • ppt performance measured based on number of moves taken and time taken to complete task
  • task shown to be sensitive to cognitive impairment
18
Q

identify some issues with traditional approach to studying the neuropsychology of the prefrontal cortex

A
  • traditional approach = issues with sensitivity (ability to identify those with the prefrontal cortex lesions)
  • issues with specificity (ability of traditional tests to not identify those impaired by lesions in other areas)
  • not all patients with frontal lesions have difficulties
  • some patients with non-lesions have difficulties
19
Q

outline Stuss’s Basic Approach

A
  • devised simple tests that test a single process within the frontal lobe
  • difficulty and context of test becomes manipulated to start testing more complex processes
20
Q

what is lesion-symptom mapping?

A
  • you have a lesion
  • you have a symptom caused by lesion
  • only test that symptom
  • narrow down
21
Q

what were Stuss et al.’s conclusions on what the areas in the prefrontal cortex are doing?

A
  • in the lateral PFC, you have executive function
  • left side = task setting (when given instructions for task, you prepare yourself with the instructions and the task)
  • right side = monitoring (right/wrong behaviour based on instructions given)
  • dorsomedial PFC: energisation (process of initiating and sustaining a response)
  • orbital PFC: toward eye-socket, behavioural and self-regulation
  • polar PFC: used for metacognition (thinking about thinking)
22
Q

evaluate Struss et al. approach to studying the prefrontal cortex

A

exact processes still unclear
- unsure if tasks are really process-pure

general problems with patient studies
- small sample sizes
- lesions

23
Q

what is the overarching theory of lateral prefrontal cortex function?

A
  • LPFC has important role in executive function, cognitive control, top-down control, goal-directed behaviour
24
Q

is the LPFC a functional unit?

A
  • no
  • some LPFC areas not typically part of top-down control
25
Q

what is Duncan’s main idea over the function of the LPFC?

A
  • LPFC adapts to tasks
  • believes that LPFC is part of a multi-demand (MD) network
26
Q

what are areas of multi-demand network activated by? (Duncan, 2013)

A

diverse cognitive demands

27
Q

what does it mean that the LPFC has no distinct function?

A
  • no distinct function
  • so lateral prefrontal cortex function is to do what it is supposed to do
  • supposed to adapt to task demands
28
Q

outline Freedman et al. (2001) study into the idea the LPFC has no distinct function

A
  • studied rheus monkeys
  • study aimed to examine role of PFC
  • monkeys trained to perform delayed match-to-sample task
  • neural activity recorded
  • monkeys shown visual stimulus then had to hold image in working memory during delay period
  • then shown a second image
  • monkey had to indicate whether the second image matched the sample (choice between dog and cat)

FINDINGS
- PFC neurones were selectively active during delay period of working memory task

  • monkey could also distinguish between classes (between dog and cat)
  • found that PFC could meet the demand of task changing
29
Q

what was Koechlin / Badre / Nee’s main idea of what the LPFC function was?

A
  • LPFC doesn’t adapt
  • LPFC = hierarchically organised/differentiated
  • exact functional descriptions differ
  • anterior LPFC = deals with abstract information
  • posterior LPFC = deals with concrete information
30
Q

Outline Badre (2008) study

A
  • had ppts partake in series of tasks

task 1: sensory judgement
- colour of stimuli presented
- told to press something when you see this colour

task 2: feature judgements
- texture + colour
- looking at texture of stimuli that is now paired with colour
- more abstract

task 3: dimension and context judgements
- have two objects
- told to press either match or non-match
- only match if there are two objects of the same type plus a colour
- if colour changes but objects don’t, still a non-match

  • the idea that PFC functioning is hierarchically organised
  • hierarchy is in order of tasks
31
Q

what conclusions can be drawn about the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

PFC = adaptive (Duncan)
- good idea
- but quite restrictive

PFC = hierarchically organised
- plausible
- exact process associated with different areas = still unclear

32
Q

what is needed to figure out what the PFC function is?

A
  • computational models combined with experimental evidence
33
Q

what is meant by no lobe is an island?

A
  • PFC does nothing on its own
  • it is necessary for cognitive control but is not sufficient on its own
  • PFC = part of neural network, tightly connected with most other cortical and subcortical areas

PSGY1003 Biological Psychology (21 decks)

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