Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards by Julia Rosenthal

Terms of relationship and comparisson:

What are they in the CNS and why are they different in the CNS than in the rest of the body?

They are varied in the CNS because in development, the long axis of the CNS is bent

Therefore, intsead of A/P, A/I which refer to the long axis that is straight, we use:

Rostral - towards the nose
Caudal - towards the tail

Dorsal - nearer to the TOP
Ventral - nearer to the BOTTOM

Medial - nearer to the median plane
Lateral - nearer to the lateral plane

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Telencephalon: overall structure description

Aka Cerebrum

Consists of 2 large hemispheres separated from each other by a deep, longitudinal cerebral fissure.

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Telencephalon: what structures make up the telencephalon?

Cerebral Cortex
Subcortical White Matter
Basal Ganglia (nuclei)
Hippocampus
Amygdaloid (nucleus)

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Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex

Where is it?

It is the outer surface of the brain.

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Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex

How is it organized?

It is composed of 6 horizontal layers of neuron cell bodies that are further organized in a vertical arrangement, forming columns. These areas are subdivided based on cytoarchitectural features (meaning differences in the neurons they are made up of) and are called Brodmann’s Areas. These areas are structurally different, and it therefore follow that they are functionally different.

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Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex

What characterizes its physical appearance?

Characterized by gyri or crests of cortical tissue, andy by sulci, which are grooves that divide the gyri from one another.

Though it appears symmetrical externally, it is not completely symmetrical in structure, and it is not symmetrically equivalent in function.

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Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex

Major Sulci - What are they, how do they divide the cortex?

The major sulci divide the cortex into 4 lobes.

They are imaginary lines connecting certain sulci, and connecting certain sulci with the preoccipital notch to help demarcate the lobes.

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Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex

Major sulci - name the 5 major sulci and state which view they can be seen in

Central aka Rolandic - lateral
Lateral aka Sylvia - lateral
Parieto-occipital - lateral and medial
Cingulate - medial
Collateral - medial

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Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex

How are the lobes named?

Lobes are named for the overlying cranial bones.

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Frontal Lobe: General Functional Areas

Primary somatomotor cortex

Nomenclature
Location
Function

Aka primary motor cortex, M1, Brodmann’s area 4

Location: Precentral gyrus, anterior paracentral gyrus

Function: executing movement

**Motor Homunculus applies here. We have more fine motor control in the areas that are depicted larger and therefore more cortex is devoted to those areas.

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Frontal Lobe: General Functional Areas

Premotor Areas

Areas it includes
Nomenclature
Location
Function

Includes:

1) premotor and supplementary motor areas
2) frontal eye fields

Other names:

1) M2, Brodmann’s area 6
2) Brodmann’ area 8

Location: Rostral to the precentral gyrus and the anterior paracentral gyrus; rostral to primaty somatomotor

Function: Planning movement

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Frontal Lobe: General Functional Areas

Broca’s Area

Nomenclature
Location
Function

Nomenclature:
Brodmann’s areas 44 and 45

Location:
Usually in the left hemisphere
inferior frontal gyrus - pars opercularis and pars triangularis

Function:
Production of language

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Frontal Lobe: General Functional Areas

Prefrontal Cortex

Nomenclature
Divisions
Location
Function

Nomenclature:
Frontal association cortex
**Anterior multimodal association cortex
Brodmann’s areas 9-12 and 45-47

Divisions:
Lateral
Medial
Orbitofrontal

Location:
Rostral to the promotor areas
Makes up most of the rostral cortex

Function:
Intention: Sensory integration and selection of appropriate motor responses
cognition
receives all the information from the posterior multimodal area

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Parietal Lobe: General Functional Areas

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Nomenclature
Location
Function

Nomenclature:
aka Primary Sensory Cortex
S1
Brodmann’s areas 1,2,3

Location:
Postcentral gyrus, posterior paracentral gyrus

Function:
Somatosensory perception

**Sensory Homunculus - the areas where we have to most receptors are depicted the largest because those areas have a larger amount of cortex dedicated to them.

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Parietal Lobe: General Functional Areas

Secondary Somatosensory Cortex

Nomenclature
Location
Function

Nomenclature:
aka S2

Location:
Superior bank of the lateral fissure

Function:
Unimodal - an associational area where sensory input is INTERPRETED (somatosensory interpretation)

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Parietal Lobe: General Functional Areas

Wernicke’s Area

Nomenclature
Location
Function

Nomenclature:
aka Brodmann’s areas 39 and 40

Location:
Usually in the Left Hemisphere
Supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus (at the end of the lateral fissure)

Function:
COMPREHENSION of language

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Parietal Lobe: General Functional Areas

Posterior Parietal Cortex

Nomenclature
Location
Function

Nomenclature:
Aka Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7

Location:
Superior Parietal Lobule

Function;
Somatosensory interpretation AND integration (submodalities, vision) - right next to the multimodal association cortex so it shares its function

Plays a role in spatial vision - showing selectivity for direction and speed of movement rather than size, shape, etc.

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Parietal Lobe: General Functional Areas

Parietal-Temporal-Occipital Association Cortex

Nomenclature
Location
Function

Nomenclature:
aka Posterior multimodal association cortex
Brodmann’s areas 37, 39, 40

Location:
Junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Function:
Somatic, visual, and auditory sensation integration.
Mediates attention and recognition

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Temporal Lobe: General Functional Areas

Primary Auditory Cortex

Nomenclature
Location
Function

Nomenclature:
Aka A1
Brodmann’s area 41

Location:
Transverse temporal gyri

Function:
Auditory perception

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Temporal Lobe: General Functional Areas

Secondary Auditory Cortex

Nomenclature
Location
Function

Nomenclature:
aka A2
Auditory Association Cortex
Brodmann’s area 22

Location:
Superior temporal gyrus

Function:
Auditory interpretation

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Temporal Lobe: General Functional Areas

Wernicke’s area

Nomenclature
Location
Function

Nomenclature:
aka Brodmann’s area 22

Location:
Straddles the parietal and temporal regions
Usually located in the Left hemisphere
Superior temporal gyrus (temporal lobe)

Function:
Comprehension of language

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Occipital Lobe: General Functional Areas

Primary Visual Cortex

Nomenclature
Location
Function

Nomenclature:
aka V1
Striate Cortex
Brodmann’s area 17

Location:
Cuneus
Lingual Gyrus

Function:
Visual Perception

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Occipital Lobe: General Functional Areas

Secondary Visual Cortex

Nomenclature
Location
Function

Nomenclature:
aka V2 - V5
Extrastriate cortex
Visual association cortex
Brodmann's areas 18-21, 37

Location:
Very large
Occipital Gyri
Includes middle and medial superior temporal area (located in the occipital and parietal lobes) and inferior temporal cortex)

Function:
Visual interpretation

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General Functional Areas: Frontal Lobe

What general functional areas are in the frontal lobe?

Primary Somatomotor Cortex
Premotor Cortex
Broca’s Area
Pre-frontal Cortex

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General Functional Areas: Parietal Lobe What general functional areas are in the parietal lobe?

``` Primary Somatosensory Cortex Secondary Somatosensory Cortex Wernicke's Area Posterior Parietal Cortex Parietal-Temporal-Occipial Cortex ```

General Functional Areas: Temporal Lobe What general functional areas are in the temporal lobe?

Primary Auditory Cortex Secondary Auditory Cortex Wernicke's Area Parietal-Temporal-Occipial Cortex

General Functional Areas: Occipital Lobe What general functional areas are in the occipital lobe?

Primary Visual Cortex Secondary Visual Cortex Parietal-Temporal-Occipial Cortex

Regions: Insula Location?

Deep Inside the Lateral Fissure

Regions: Insula What General Functional Area is in the Insula? Name Brodmann's Area Other structures involved Function

Primary Taste Cortex Brodmann's Area 43 Primary Taste area also includes the inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis and the parietal postcentral gyrus Function: Taste Perception

Regions: Limbic Location?

Medial Rim of the hemisphere, specifically in the temporal lobe.

Regions: Limbic What are the structures in this region?

Cingulate Gyrus, Parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, parahippocampal sulcus, callosal sulcus

Regions: Limbic What are the General Functional Areas in this region?

Part of the Limbic System, Primary Olfactory Cortex

Regions: Limbic - General Functional Areas Limbic System Brodmann's area Other associated areas Function

Brodmann's 28 - 36, 38 Includes hippocampus, amygdaloid, and parts of the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex. Function: Important in emotional states, drive related behavior, and memory formation

Regions: Limbic - General Functional Areas Olfactory Cortex Brodmann's area Limbic region structures Other associated areas Function

Brodmann's: 28, 34 - 36, 38 Limbic structures: parahippocampal gyrus, uncus Also includes, frontal olfactory tubercle and amygdaloid. Function: Smell perception

Subcortical White Matter What is its function?

Creates communications between parts of the brain.

Subcortical White Matter Where is it located?

Internal to the Cortex

Subcortical White Matter What is it made up of?

Myelinated axons and oligodendrocytes

Subcortical White Matter What are the three types of fibers in the subcortical white matter?

Association, commissural, projection

Subcortical White Matter - Commisural Fibers Relevant Structures Function

Relevant Structures: Corpus Callosum - connects the hemispheres Function: Interconnects corresponding structures on either side of the neuraxis (communication between hemispheres)

Subcortical White Matter - Projection Fibers Relevant Structures Function

Relevant Structures: Internal Capsule - between thalamus and basal ganglia Function: 1) Carry (corticopetal) axons that originate outside the telencephalon and project to the cerebral cortex 2) Carry (corticofugal) axons that arise from the cerebral cortex and project outside the telencephalon

Basal Ganglia Location? Composition?

Between the temporal cortex and the lateral ventricle on both sides of the internal capsule. Composed of neuron cell bodies.

Basal Ganglia What structures from the telencephalon does it include? What other regions contain basal ganglia strucures?

Structures in the telencephalon: Striatum: Caudate, putamen Globus pallidus (internal segment and external segment) Includes structures of the diencephalon and midbrain.

Basal Ganglia: Function

1) Gate proper initiation of movement 2) Contribute to emotional states 3) Certain forms of cognition (like learning new skills)

Hippocampus: Location

Internal to the parahippocampal gyrus of the limbic region

Hippocampus: Composition

Composed of horizontal layers of neuron cell bodies

Hippocampus: Relevant structures

Hippocampus proper

Hippocampus: Function

Memory Formation

Amygdaloid (Nucleus): Location

Internal to the uncus of the limbic region, just rostral to the hippocampus

Amygdaloid (Nucleus): Composition

Composed of an aggregation of neuron cell bodies

Amygdaloid (Nucleus): Function

Important to emotional states and drive-related behavior

Diencephalon: Location

Situated between the telencephalon and the brain stem

Diencephalon: What cavity is associated with the diencephalon? How is it organized with reference to the cavity?

Cavity: The 3rd ventricle The right and left halves contain symmetrically distributed cell groups separated by the space of the third ventricle

Diencephalon: What structures does it include?

dorsal thalamus (aka thalamus), hypothalamus, ventral thalamus (aka subthalamus), and epithalamus

Diencephalon: Dorsal Thalamus Location and Structural characteristics

This is what we refer to as the thalamus. It is located superior to the hypothalamic sulcus, between the interventricular foramen and the splenium of the corpus callosum. It is the largest subdivision of the diencephalon. It is an ovoid mass containing about 50 nuclei

Diencephalon: Dorsal Thalamus How are the nuclei in this region characterized?

Contains relay and association nuclei

Diencephalon: Dorsal Thalamus Relay Nuclei

Recieve input predominantly from one source

Diencephalon: Dorsal Thalamus Association Nuclei

Recieve input from a number of different structures and usually send output to more than one association area.

Diencephalon: Dorsal Thalamus Relevant external structures

Lateral geniculate body, medial geniculate body, pulvinar

Diencephalon: Dorsal Thalamus What kinds of structures does it contain internally?

Sensory, Motor, Modulatory

Diencephalon: Dorsal Thalamus Function

Process most of the information that reaches the cerebral cortex.

Hypothalamus: Location

Inferior to the hypothalamic sulcus, superior to the pituitary gland (with which it has a close relationship) and caudal to the lamina terminalis.

Hypothalamus: Composition

Composed of Aggregates of neuron cell bodies and axons.

Hypothalamus: Relevant External Structures

Infundibulum - this is the pituitary stalk where the hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland Mammillary bodies

Hypothalamus: Relevant Internal Structures

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Hypothalamus: Function

1) Integrates autonomic response and endocrine function with behavior. 2) Controls homeostasis, reproduction, and emergency response to stress

Ventral Thalamus: Location, Composition

Aka subthalamus Caudal to the hypothalamus, rostral to the diencephalon-brainstem junction and lateral to the midline. Composed of aggregations of neuron Cell Bodies

Ventral Thalamus: Function

Related to the basal ganglia of the telencephalon

Epithalamus: Location, Composition

In very close approximation tot he posterior commisure Composed of aggregates of cell bodies

Epithalamus: Relevant Structure

Pineal gland (external

Epithalamus: Function

Epithalamus is related to the limbic system The pineal gland plays a role in circadian rhythm.

Subcortical White Matter - Association Fibers Relevant Structures Function

Relevant Structures: Fasiculi Function: Interconnect various areas of cortex within the same hemisphere

Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards

(71 cards)