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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Neuroanatomy 3 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Spinal Cord: Structure

Describe the shape and organization of the spinal cord.

A

It is a cylindrical structure characterized by a central H shaped region of gray matter and a peripheral region of white matter. This gray matter/white matter arrangement is opposite the arrangement in the brain.

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1
Q

Spinal Cord: Structure

Where is it and what is it continuous with?

A

The spinal cord is continuous rostrally with the brainstem. It extends from the foramen magnum of the occipital bone to LV2 level. It lies in the vertebral cnal created by successive vertebral foramen.

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2
Q

Spinal Cord: Structure

Describe the organization of the spinal cord levels

A

It is divided into 31 spinal cord levels or segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal. The level is specified by the intervertebral foramina through which the dorsal and ventral roots attached to that segment enter the vertebral canal.

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3
Q

Spinal Cord: External Anatomy

Regions - Cervical Enlargement

A

Extends from the C4 segment to the T1 segment.

Gives rise to nerves that innervate the UE

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4
Q

Spinal Cord: External Anatomy

Regions - Lumbosacral Enlargement

A

Extends from the L1 to S2 segments.

Gives rise to nerves that innervate the LE

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5
Q

Spinal Cord: External Anatomy

Regions - Medullary Cone

A

Tapering inferior end of the spinal cord at about the level of LV2

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6
Q

Spinal Cord: External Anatomy

Regions - Cauda Equina

A

aka Rootlets

It is composed of the dorsal and ventral roots arising from the lumbosacral enlargement and the medullary cone.

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7
Q

Spinal Cord: External Anatomy

What fissures/sulci are on the ventral surface?

A

Anterior median fissure - continuous with the anterior median fissure of the medulla

Anterolateral sulcus - this is where the ventral roots emerge

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9
Q

Spinal Cord: External Anatomy

What fissures/sulci are on the dorsal surface?

A

Posterior median sulcus - continuou with the posterior median sulcus of the medulla

Posterolateral sulcus - this is where the dorsal roots emerge.

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10
Q

Spinal Cord: External Anatomy

Spinal Nerves - How many are there? Where are they found?

A

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves

They occupy the space within the intervertebral foramen created by the vertebral notches of successive vertebrae.

C1 - C7 are located ABOVE the vertebrae of the same number, C8 is below CV7, and T1 - L5 are located BELOW the same numbered vertebrae

There is only about 1 com of that we call the “spinal nerve” where the dorsal and ventral roots come together before they split into the dorsal and ventral rami. This area is MIXED (carries both sensory and motor fibers.

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11
Q

Spinal Cord: External Anatomy

Dorsal Roots

A

Carry afferent fibers from the periphery.

Cell bodies of these axons are in the dorsal root ganglia

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12
Q

Spinal Cord: External Anatomy

Ventral Roots

A

Carry efferent fibers to the periphery.

Cell bodies of these axons are in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

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13
Q

Spinal Cord: External Anatomy

Dorsal Primary Rami

A

Supply the vertebral column joints, deep back muscles, and overlying skin.

They are smaller because they innervate less.

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14
Q

Spinal Cord: External Anatomy

Ventral Primary Rami

A

Supply anterior and lateral trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs.

Certain rami form plexes

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15
Q

Spinal Cord: Internal Anatomy

Gray matter - structural characteristics

A

Central H shaped region

Contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and glial cells

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16
Q

Spinal Cord: Internal Anatomy

Gray matter - where is it most predominant and why?

A

Greater in the cervical and lumbosacral regions due to the innervations of the UE and LE respectively.

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17
Q

Spinal Cord: Internal Anatomy

Gray matter - Dorsal Horn

A

Sensory

Neurons in the dorsal horn receive the central processes of the neuron cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia through the dorsal roots

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18
Q

Spinal Cord: Internal Anatomy

Gray matter - Ventral Horn

A

Motor neurons send their axons from the ventral horn towards the periphery via the ventral roots

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19
Q

Spinal Cord: Internal Anatomy

Gray matter - Lateral Horn

A

The lateral horn is present ONLY in the thoracic region from T1 to L2.

The motor neurons here send their axons to autonomic ganglia through the ventral roots.

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20
Q

Spinal Cord: Internal Anatomy

White Matter - Structure, contents

A

It is the peripheral region of the spinal cord (including the anterior white commisure)

It contains myelinated axons and oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

Spinal Cord: Internal Anatomy

White matter - in which direction does the white matter increase and why?

A

Increases from sacral to cervical regions as the volume of sensory fibers increases at each ascending level and motor fibers decrease at each descending level.

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22
Q

Spinal Cord: Internal Anatomy

White matter - How is white matter subdivided?

A

Subdivided into funiculi, fasciculi, and tracts

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23
Q

Spinal Cord: Internal Anatomy

White matter - Dorsal Funiculus

A

Carries ascending sensory information

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24
Q

Spinal Cord: Internal Anatomy

White matter - Lateral Funiculus

A

Carries ascending sensory information and descending motor information

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25
Q

Spinal Cord: Internal Anatomy

White matter - Ventral Funiculus

A

Carries ascending sensory information and descending motor information

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26
Q

Spinal Cord: Functions

A

1) Carries sensory information from the extremities, trunk, and viscera to the brain
2) Conveys motor information to the extremities, trunk, and viscera
3) Site of spinal reflexes which are essential to normal function
4) Conveys modulatory information from the brain - the brain controls what is going on in the spinal cord

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27
Q

Ventricular System: definition

A

Continuous fluid filled system in the CNS lined with ependymal cells.

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28
Q

Ventricular System: Structures

Lateral Ventricles (2)

A

Associated with the telencephalon

C-shaped structures separated by the septum pellucidum

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29
Q

Ventricular System: Structures

Interventricular foramina (2)

A

Aka foramina of Munro

Connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

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30
Q

Ventricular System: Structures

Third Ventricle

A

Associated with the thalamus and hypothalamus

It is a thin, midline structure

it is interrupted with the interthalamic adhesion adhesion that connects the 2 thalmi

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31
Q

Ventricular System: Structures

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

aka aqueduct of Sylvius

Connects the 3rf ventricle to the 4th ventricle

Associated with the midbrain

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32
Q

Ventricular System: Structures

4th Ventricle

A

Associated with the pons and medulla

Pyramid shaped space covered on its dorsal aspect by the cerebellum

Continues into the central canal of the spinal cord, which does not remain fully patent beyond the early postnatal period

Opens into the subarachnoid space through laterally placed foramina of Luschka and the medial foramen of Magendie

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33
Q

CSF - Where is it formed?

A

CSF is formed in the Choroid plexes, which are located in the ventricles.

Choroid plexes are composed of the endothelial walls of capillaries, pia mater, and choroid epithelial (specialized ependymal) cells

34
Q

CSF - What is the composition of CSF?

A

It is a clear, colorless liquid.

Low in cells and protein.

Similar to plasma in ion concentration.

35
Q

CSF - How does CSF circulate? Describe the sequence.

A

Flows freely from the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space where it is taken up into the venous system by arachnoid villi.

Flow:

1) Lateral Ventricles
2) Interventricular foramina
3) Third Ventricle
4) Cerebral Aqueduct
5) Fourth Ventricle
6) Foramen of Magendie and Foramina of Lushcka
7) Subarachnoid space
8) Venous system

36
Q

CSF - How is it absorbed?

A

It is absorbed into the venous system at the superior sagittal sinus through arachnoid granulations, which consist of collections of arachnoid villi that protrude through the dura mater into the sinuses

37
Q

CSF - Function

A

1) Mechanically supportive of the brain due to its buoyant effect
2) Maintenance of the extracellular environment
3) Route for the spread of neuroactive hormones through the CNS

38
Q

Meninges: What are the three meningeal layers?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

39
Q

Meninges: Dura mater

Structural specializations - What are Dural Infoldings?

A

These exist in the BRIAIN ONLY

The inner portions of the dura mater give rise to septa that separate brain regions from each other and contain venous sinuses.

40
Q

Meninges: Dura mater

Structural specializations - Dural infoldings –> Falx cerebri

A

Located between cerebral hemispheres

41
Q

Meninges: Dura mater

Structural specializations - Dural infoldings –> Tentorium Cerebelli

A

Located between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum

42
Q

Meninges: Dura mater

Structural specializations - Dural infoldings –> Falx cerebelli

A

between the cerebellar hemispheres

43
Q

Meninges: Dura mater

Structural specializations - Dural Sac

A

This is in the SPINAL CORD ONLY

It is a tubular sheath surrounding the spinal cord in the vertebral canal.

It is anchored rostrally to the foramen magnum, and cadally to the coccyx via the filum terminal externum which is composed of dura mater as well

44
Q

Meninges: Dura mater

Spaces - Subdural

A

Potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

45
Q

Meninges: Dura mater

Spaces - Epidural Space

A

This exists in the SPINAL CORD ONLY

It is the space between the dura mater and the vertebral canal

46
Q

Meninges: Arachnoid mater

Arachnoid Trabeculae - definition

A

CT strands that connect the arachnoid mater to the pia mater

47
Q

Meninges: Arachnoid mater

Arachnoid Villi - definition

A

These are in the BRAIN ONLY

The are specializations of the arachnoid that are structurally adapted for transporting CSF from the subarachnoid space into venous circulation.

48
Q

Meninges: Arachnoid mater

Subarachnoid Space

A

Space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

Contains CSF

49
Q

Meninges: Arachnoid mater

Cisterns - Definition; names and locations of 2 cisterns

A

Dilations within the subarachnoid space

Cisterna Magna - Dorsal to the medulla

Lumbar - Caudal to the Medullary Cone

50
Q

Meninges: Pia mater

Specializations - denticulate ligaments

A

These are in the SPINAL CORD ONLY

They are extensions from the lateral surfaces of the pia mater to the dural sac

51
Q

Meninges: Pia mater

Specializations - filum terminal internum

A

This is in the SPINAL CORD ONLY

A tough strand of the pia mater that anchors the medullary cone to the caudal end of the dural sac

Located in the cauda equina

52
Q

Meninges: Function

A

Stabilize the shape and position oft he CNS during head and body movements.

53
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

How much of the body weight is the brain? How much blood does it receive? How much oxygen does it use? What does this reflect?

A

The brain is only 2% of the total body weight but it receives about 15% of the total CO and consumes about 20% of the oxygen used by the entire body.

this reflects the high metabolic rate and therefore oxygen requirements of the brain

54
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

What happens when the Brian is deprived of blood for certain amounts of time?

A

10 seconds - loss of consciousness

3-5 min - irreparable brain damage or death may result

55
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Arteries: Internal Carotid

Origin
Course
Branches

A

Constitutes the anterior circulation of the brain

Origin:
Right - Brachiocephalic trunk
Left: Arch of the aorta

Course: Ascends through the anterior triangle of the neck, enters the carotid canal of the temporal bone, traverses the cavernous sinus, the pierces the dura mater

Branches:
Ophthalmic
Posterior Communicating
Middle Cerebral
Anterior Cerebral
56
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Arteries: Internal Carotid - Ophtalmic branch

Course
Distribution

A

Course: Branches from the internal carotid rostrally and travels with CNII through the optic canal into the orbit; anastomoses with the facial artery (communication between internal and external carotid arteries.

Distribution: Orbit (only artery that is not a branch of the facial nerve that has any distribution in the face)

57
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Arteries: Internal Carotid - Posterior communicating branch

Course
Distribution

A

Course: Connects the internal carotid artery to the posterior cerebral artery

Distribution: n/a

58
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Arteries: Internal Carotid - Middle Cerebral branch

Course
Distribution

A

Course: This terminal branch comes off laterally and proceeds through the lateral sulcus extending laterally to spread out over the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere.

Distribution: Lateral convexity of the cerebral cortex; Internal Capsule, Basal Ganglia

59
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Arteries: Internal Carotid - Anterior Cerebral branch

Course
Distribution

A

Course: This terminal branch proceeds into the longitudinal fissure, loops around the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, and runs just superior to the corpus callosum.

Distribution: Medial frontal and parietal cerebral cortex; Internal capsule, basal ganglia, hypothalamus

60
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Arteries: Vertebral

Origin
Course
Branches

A

Constitutes the posterior circulation of the brain

Origin: Subclavian Artery

Course: Ascend through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and enter the cranium through the foramen magnum.

Branches: 
Anterior Spinal
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar (PICA)
Posterior Spinal
Basliar
Posterior Cerebral
61
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Arteries: Vertebral - Anterior Spinal branch

Course
Distribution

A

Course: Joints counterpart from the opposite side and runs caudally along the midline of the spinal cord

Distribution: Anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord

62
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Arteries: Internal Carotid - Posterior Inferior Cerebellar (PICA) branch

Course
Branch
Distribution

A

Course: arches around the dorsolateral medulla

Branch: Gives off the POSTERIOR SPINAL branch, which runs caudally along the posterolateral aspect of the spinal cord and supplies the posterior 1/3 of the spine

Distribution: Dorsolateral medulla; cerebellum

63
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Arteries: Vertebral - Basilar branch

Course
Distribution

A

Course: Formed from the fusion of the vertebral arteries at the junction of the medulla and the pons. Runs in the ventral midline of the pons.

Distribution: n/a

64
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Arteries: Vertebral - Posterior Cerebral branch

Course
Distribution

A

Course: This terminal branch passes lateral just rostral to the occulomotor nerve. It connects to the posterior communication branch of the internal carotid artery, completing the circle of Willis.

Distribution: Midbrain, Thalamus, Occipital and Inferior temporal cerebral cortex

65
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Arterial anastomoses - Circle of willis

A

Located on the ventral surface of the brain, surrounding the optic tracts, infundibulum, and basal hypothalamus.

66
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Watershed border zones

A

Regions of the lateral surface of the cerebellar hemisphere where the terminal branches of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries terminate.

67
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Veins - Where do they empty into?

A

Veins empty into venous sinuses

68
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Sinuses - where are they? What is their purpose?

A

Sinuses are located between the inner and outer layers of dura mater.

They serve as conduits to drain venous blood from the brain into the internal jugular veins

69
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Sinuses - Superior Sagittal Sinus

Location
Termination

A

Location: ATTACHED edge of the falx cerebri

Termination: Confluence

70
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Sinuses - Inferior Sagittal Sinus

Location
Termination

A

Location: Free edge of the falx cerebri

Termination: Straight Sinus

71
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Sinuses - Straight Sinus

Location
Termination

A

Location: where the falx cerebri attaches to the tentorium cerebelli

Termination: Confluence

72
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Sinuses - Transverse Sinus

Location
Termination

A

Location: Courses laterally from the confluence sinus in a shallow groove on the internal surface of the occipital bone.

Termination: Sigmoid

73
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Sinuses - Confluence Sinus

Location
Termination

A

Location: Junction of the superior sagittal, straight, and transverse sinuses

Termination: Transverse Sinus

74
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Sinuses - Sigmoid Sinus

Location
Termination

A

Location: Courses inferiorly from the transverse sinus in a shallow groove on the internal surface of the temporal bone, and traverses the jugular foramen.

Termination: Internal Jugular

75
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Sinuses - Cavernous Sinus

Location
Contents
Termination

A

Location: Side of the sphenoid bone.

Contains the internal carotid artery, CN3, 4, and all 3 parts of 5

Termination: Superior petrosal and inferior petrosal into the sigmoid sinus

76
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Blood Brain Barrier - structure

A

1) There are tight junction between the capillary endothelial cells in the brain.
2) the capillaries are lined with astrocytes, whose endfoot processes are very closely associated with the endothelial cells, creating a barrier

77
Q

Vasculature of the Brain

Blood brain barrier - function

A

Highly selective barrier

78
Q

Vasculature of the Spinal Cord

Arteries - how many longitudinal ones are there anteriorly and posteriorly? Where do they extend from/to?

A

There are one and anterior and 2 posterior longitudinal arteries associated with the spinal cord.

They run from the medulla to the medullary cone of the spinal cord.

Additional arteries run horizontally along the spinal nerve roots

79
Q

Vasculature of the Spinal Cord

Arteries - anterior spinal

Origin
Course
Distribution

A

Origin: Vertebral

Course: Joins counterpart from the opposite side, runs caudally along the midline of the spinal cord

Distribution: Anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord

80
Q

Vasculature of the Spinal Cord

Arteries - Posterior spinal

Origin
Course
Distribution

A

Origin: PICA

Course: Runs causally along the posterolateral aspect of the spinal cord

Distribution: Posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord

81
Q

Vasculature of the Spinal Cord

Arteries - Segmental Medullary

Course
Distribution

A

Course: Run along the spinal nerve roots, segmental medullary arteries replace radicular arteries at the irregular levels at which they occur. Otherwise, radicular occur at every level.

Distribution: Anterior and posterior spinal arteries in the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements

82
Q

Vasculature of the Spinal Cord

Arteries - Radicular

Course
Distribution

A

Course: Run along the spinal nerve roots, segmental medullary arteries replace radicular arteries at the irregular levels at which they occur. Otherwise, radicular occur at every level.

Distribution: Nerve roots

Neuroscience Exam 1 (10 decks)

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