Neuroanatomy 1

Question 1

how many pairs of cranial nerves?

Answer 1

12

Question 2

how many pairs of spinal nerves and their branches?

Answer 2

31

Question 3

name the 3 primary vesicles (initial swellings at 4 weeks)

Answer 3

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

Question 4

what to the primary vesicles develop into?

Answer 4

prosencephalon
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
mesencephalon
- mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
occurs at 6-8 weeks

Question 5

what does the telencephalon become?

Answer 5

cerebral hemispheres

Question 6

what does the diencephalon become?

Answer 6

thalamus

hypothalamus

Question 7

what does the mesencephalon become?

Answer 7

midbrain

Question 8

what does the metencephalon become?

Answer 8

pons

cerebellum

Question 9

what does the myencephalon become?

Answer 9

medulla oblongata

Question 10

what are the components of the brainstem?

Answer 10

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Question 11

what is the largest component of the brain?

Answer 11

cerebral hemispheres

Question 12

what does the midbrain do?

Answer 12

connects larger cerebral hemispheres to everything else

everything (bar a few things) has to pass through it on way into brain

Question 13

what are neurons?

Answer 13

communicators
receive info mainly via synapses
integrate the info then transmit electrical impulses to another neuron or effector cell
most are multipolar with may dendrites and one axon

Question 14

what is the soma of a neuron?

Answer 14

cell body (including nucleus)

Question 15

how is an axon defined?

Answer 15

carries info leaving the cell body

Question 16

do all neurons have an axon?

Answer 16

no

neurons in retina don’t have axons

Question 17

what are glial cells?

Answer 17

greek for “glue”
holds the brain together and gives structural integrity
more numerous than neurons in the CNS

Question 18

what are the 4 types of glial cells?

Answer 18

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia cells
ependymal cells

Question 19

what are astrocytes?

Answer 19

type of glial cell
many numerous processes (star-shaped)
involved in support, maintaining blood-brain barrier (induces blood brain barrier in capillaries of the brain to stop things from blood from accessing brain tissue), environmental homeostasis
no connective tissue in the CNS

Question 20

what are oligodendrocytes?

Answer 20

produce myelin in CNS
(not in PNS)
have numerous branches which extend to wrap cell membrane (made of myelin) around axons of neurons
they have a round nucleus that is moderately stained

Question 21

what does myelin do?

Answer 21

allows electrical impulse to skip between non-myelinated areas of the axons (nodes of ranvier)
hugely increases rate of conduction

Question 22

what are microglia?

Answer 22

cells of similar lineage of macrophages (hemopoietic - from bone marrow)
immune monitoring and antigen presentation, but stay in the CNS and don’t move around the body

Question 23

how do microglia change when activated by an antigen?

Answer 23

resting state = elongated nucleus with short, spiny cell processes
activated state = rounder, more like a macrophage

Question 24

what are ependymal cells?

Answer 24

ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that lines the ventricles in the CNS but generally do not form a barrier between the CSF and brain tissue
cilia wave in the CSF

Question 25

fissure vs sulcus?

Answer 25

fissure is deeper lateral fissures great longitudinal fissure

Question 26

gyrus vs sulcus?

Answer 26

``` gyrus = outward bumps sulcus = inward valleys ```

Question 27

types of tissue in brain?

Answer 27

darker outer rind = grey matter (areas of grey matter also found in the core - thalamus etc) paler inner core = white matter

Question 28

what makes up grey matter?

Answer 28

huge number of neurons where the cell bodies of neurons are found cell processes, synapses and support cells

Question 29

what make sup white matter?

Answer 29

axons and support cells | no nerve cell bodies in the white matter, just the axons projecting from the grey matter

Question 30

grey vs white matter in the spinal cord?

Answer 30

grey matter forms "H" in the middle | white matter surrounds the grey matter

Question 31

organisation of spinal cord?

Answer 31

anterior (ventral)horns = thicker ends of grey matter anterior (ventral) colums = thicker columns of white matter posterior (dorsal) horns = thinner ends of grey matter posterior (dorsal) columns = thinner colums of white matter lateral columns

Question 32

important gyri and sulci?

Answer 32

``` central sulcus precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) postcentral gyrus (primary sensory?) ```

Question 33

what does the central sulcus do?

Answer 33

divides frontal and parietal lobes | divides primary motor and sensory cortexes

Question 34

septum pellucidum?

Answer 34

divides the lateral ventricles

Question 35

calcarine sulcus?

Answer 35

sits posteriorly | area for vision

Question 36

what is the corpus callosum?

Answer 36

largest connection/communication between hemispheres large band of white matter sits above the fornix

Question 37

what is the fornix involved in?

Answer 37

part of limbic system | involved in memory and emotion

Question 38

where is the hypothalamus in relation to the thalamus?

Answer 38

infront and below

Question 39

where is the 4th ventricle?

Answer 39

sticks out from behind pons/medulla

Question 40

what gives the boundary between frontal and parietal lobe?

Answer 40

central sulcus | - extend line down to corpus callosum

Question 41

location of parietal lobe?

Answer 41

posterior to central sulcus superior to lateral sulcus (and a backward extension of it) anterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to preoccipital notch

Question 42

where is the occipital lobe?

Answer 42

posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 43

where is the temporal lobe?

Answer 43

inferior to the lateral sulcus | posterior border = line between parieto-occipital sulcus and pre-occipital notch

Question 44

what is the 5th, hidden lobe?

Answer 44

insular lobe/insular cortex | hidden beneath the temporal lobe

Question 45

what does the insular lobe do?

Answer 45

involved in experience of pain

Question 46

what are the 3 layers of meninges?

Answer 46

dura mater > arachnoid mater > pia mater | from superficial to deep

Question 47

what sits between the arachnoid and pia mater?

Answer 47

subarachnoid space containing CSF

Question 48

describe dura mater?

Answer 48

periosteum of inner surface of the skull | very very tough membrane

Question 49

describe arachnoid mater?

Answer 49

like a layer of cling film

Question 50

describe pia mater?

Answer 50

1-2 cells thick covering of the brain | follows all bumps and indentations of the brain unlike the arachnoid mater, therefore a space forms between them

Question 51

where is CSF found in the brain?

Answer 51

subarachnoid space ventricles some then flows down canal through spinal cord

Question 52

describe path of CSF movement?

Answer 52

lateral ventricles > IV foramen > 3rd ventricle > cerebral aqueduct > 4th ventricle > out into subarachnoid space/down spinal cord

Question 53

what is the 3rd division of the nervous system?

Answer 53

enteric found in digestive system from oesophagus to rectum neurons in 2 plexuses in the walls of gut (myenteric between outer layers of smooth muscle and submucosal in the submucosa) controls motility in the digestive system