Neuroanatomy

Question 1

what are invertebrate nervous system specialised for

Answer 1

stimulus/response
receptor/effector
reflexes
conditioned responses

Question 2

what is a nerve net

Answer 2

loose network of neurons
simplest form of nervous system found in invertebrates, found in hydras/jellyfishes

Question 3

what does the forebrain consist of

Answer 3

cerebrum
optic structures
olfactory lobe

Question 4

what does the hindbrain consist of

Answer 4

brainstem - pons
medulla
cerebellum

Question 5

what is gray matter

Answer 5

cell bodies of neurons

Question 6

what is white matter

Answer 6

myelinated axons
connect different parts of gray matter to eachother

Question 7

what is the coronal and axial planes

Answer 7

coronal - frontal
axial - horizontal

Question 8

what is rostral

Answer 8

the tip of the brain that aims towards of the eyes is rostral most

Question 9

what is caudal

Answer 9

the tail of the spinal cord is caudal most

Question 10

features of the dura

Answer 10

strongest and superficial most layer
in contact with bone

Question 11

features of the arachnoid meninge

Answer 11

web like protective layer

Question 12

function of the subarachnoid space

Answer 12

allows space for blood vessels and contains cerebrospinal fluid

Question 13

features of the pia

Answer 13

inner most layer
in contact with the CNS

Question 14

what is cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 14

cell-free fluid that circulates in the subarachnoid space

Question 15

what produces cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 15

ependymal cells in the choroid plexus

Question 16

what is the corpus callosum

Answer 16

large bundle of white matter that connects the two brain hemispheres

Question 17

function of the brainstem

Answer 17

acts as a conduit for information between the spinal cord and higher centres of the brain

Question 18

where is the majority of nerve nuclei located

Answer 18

brainstem

Question 19

function of the cerebellum

Answer 19

modifies movement - compares sensory information with pre-motor information
integrates proprioceptive information that feeds back to cerebral cortex to refine movement

Question 20

where does the cerebellum receive input from

Answer 20

spinal cord
cerebral cortex
vestibular cortex
motor systems in neocortex

Question 21

where does the cerebellum output information to

Answer 21

vestibular systems
brain stem
muscle spindles
motor and pre-motor cortices

Question 22

in a spinal nerve, where do afferent fibres enter

Answer 22

dorsal root

Question 23

in a spinal nerve, where do efferent fibres leave

Answer 23

ventral root

Question 24

stages of a reflex arc

Answer 24

receptor
sensory neuron
integration centre
motor neuron
effector

Question 25

what is a polysynaptic reflex

Answer 25

reflex arc that involves multiple neurons interneurons control more than one muscle group produce either EPSPs and/or IPSPs

Question 26

where are signals from the cell soma summated and what is this area considered to be

Answer 26

the axon hillock hillock considered to be the trigger zone for a threshold potential to reach an action potential

Question 27

what are both the hillock and axon initial segment rich in

Answer 27

voltage gated Na+ channels

Question 28

what is MAP2

Answer 28

neuron-specific cytoskeletal proteins found in dendrites microtubule associated protein

Question 29

what is betaIV spectrin

Answer 29

cytosketetal protein found in axons and some non-neuronal cells

Question 30

what is a golgi stain and what does it result in

Answer 30

nervous tissue treated with potassium dichromate and silver nitrate results in silver precipitation in the neuron

Question 31

where are cell bodies of multipolar neurons found

Answer 31

ventral horn of the spinal cord

Question 32

what do multipolar neurons display

Answer 32

large pale staining nucleus prominent nucleus nissl bodies

Question 33

what is a nissl substance and where is it absent

Answer 33

stains RER and polyribosomes largely absent in the axon

Question 34

what is a ganglia

Answer 34

aggregation of nerve cells outside the CNS

Question 35

what are dorsal root ganglia surrounded by

Answer 35

connective tissue capsule which is continuous with the peripheral nerve

Question 36

what are individual ganglion cells surrounded by

Answer 36

layer of flattened satellite cells

Question 37

what are the 3 layers within gray matter

Answer 37

outer molecular layer single layer of purkinje cells granular cells

Question 38

what is the molecular layer composed of

Answer 38

basket cells stellate cells

Question 39

what is the most abundant neuron is

Answer 39

granule cell

Question 40

what are the largest cells in the cerebellum

Answer 40

purkinje neurons

Question 41

what are the types of glia in the CNS

Answer 41

astrocytes oligodendroglia ependymal cells microglia

Question 42

types of glia in the PNS

Answer 42

Schwann cells satellite cells

Question 43

function of astrocytes

Answer 43

provide structural and metabolic support for neurons

Question 44

what are the types of astrocytes and where are they located

Answer 44

fibrous - white matter protoplasmic - gray matter muller glia - retina radial glia - specailised cells in developing CNS

Question 45

voltage of a neuron at rest

Answer 45

-70mV

Question 46

concentration of Na+ inside and out the axon

Answer 46

inside - 15mM outside - 145mM

Question 47

concentration of K+ inside and out the axon

Answer 47

inside - 140mM outside - 5mM

Question 48

concentration of Cl- inside and out the axon

Answer 48

inside - 4-30mM outside - 110mM

Question 49

what blocks Na+/K+ ATPase

Answer 49

ouabain