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Biomed 2 > Pharma - Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Pharma - Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

define autonomic nervous system

A

all the neural pathways that leave the brain that do not innervate voluntary muscle

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2
Q

what fall under the peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system

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3
Q

what fall under ANS

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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4
Q

what are the roles of the ANS

A

pupillary dilation
dilation/constriction of blood vessels
force/rate of heart beat
movements of GI tract
secretion of most glands
energy motabolism

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5
Q

where does the point of contact between the first and second efferent neuron occur

A

ganglion

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6
Q

what is a ganglion

A

a group of nerve cell bodies that lie outside the CNS

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7
Q

are parasympathetic or sympathetic neurones longer

A

parasympathetic

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8
Q

what is a receptor agonist

A

a drug that mimics a neurotransmitter

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9
Q

what is a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter called

A

receptor antagonist

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10
Q

where are sympathetic preganglionic neurones located

A

midbrain
medulla
lateral horn of the spinal cord

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11
Q

in the sympathetic NS what do ganglia form

A

the sympathetic chain

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12
Q

where are parasympathetic preganglionic neurones located

A

medulla
sacral segment of spinal cord

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13
Q

where are ganglia located in the parasympathetic NS

A

in the target tissue

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14
Q

what do sympathetic postganglionic neurons to the smooth muscle of the renal vascular bed release

A

dopamine

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15
Q

at the adrenal gland, where do sympathetic preganglionic neurones not synapse and where do they

A

don’t - paravertebral sympathetic ganglion
do - directly onto the adrenal gland

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16
Q

what do preganglionic neurones release on the adrenal gland

A

acetylcholine
activate nicotinic receptors

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17
Q

function of adrenal glands

A

release epinephrine into systemic circulation

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18
Q

what does all excitatory transmission of all the autonomic ganglia involve

A

acetylcholine acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

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19
Q

what does transmission of the postganglionic sympathetic synapse usually involve

A

noradrenaline acting of a-adrenoceptors or b-adrenoceptors

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20
Q

what does transmission at the postganglionic parasympathetic synapse usually involve

A

acetylcholine acting on muscarinic receptors

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21
Q

where does noradrenaline not act

A

sweat glands
resistance blood vessels in skeletal muscle

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22
Q

what drug classification does noradrenaline belong to and why

A

catecholamine
carries a catechol group

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23
Q

name all the metabolites in the synthetic pathway of adrenaline in order

A

tyrosine
L-DOPA
dopamine
adrenaline
noradrenaline

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24
Q

what converts tyrosine into L-DOPA and what does it do

A

tyrosine hydroxylase
adds an OH group to the benzene

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25
what converts L-DOPA into dopamine and what does it do
dopadecarboxylase removes the carboxylic acid from the α-carbon
26
what converts dopamine into noradrenaline and what does it do
dopaminebetahydroxylase adds an OH group to the β-carbon
27
what converts noradrenaline into adrenaline and what does it do
PNMT adds a methyl group to the amine (NH-CH3)
28
what are the false transmitters metabolites
tyramine octopamine synephrine
29
what converts tyrosine into tyramine
DDC
30
what converts tyramine into octopamine
DBH
31
what converts octopamine into synephrine
PNMT
32
what is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase
α-methyltyrosine
33
what is α-methyltyrosine used to treat
phaeochromocytoma
34
what is α-methyl-DOPA used for
interferes with NAdr transmission leads to synthesis of false transmitter - α-methyl-NAdr
35
function of carbidopa
inhibits dopa-decarboxylase (DCC)
36
outline the treatment for Parkinson's disease
co-administer carbidopa with L-DOPA L-DOPA - to increase the amount of precursor for dopamine in the brain carbidopa - inhibits DCC from converting L-DOPA to dopamine in the bloodstream, which cannot cross the BBB
37
how is NADR stored
stored in vesicles transport is driven by a proton gradient stored with ATP and chromogranin
38
what are drugs that interfere with NADR storgae
reserpine guanethidine
39
features of resperine
anti-hypertensive side effect - depression
40
features of guanethidine
anti-hypertensive side-effect - orthostatic hypotension
41
in terms of NAdr inactivation following release what are the features of uptake 1
NAT - noradrenaline transporter high affinity, low capacity present on nerve terminals requires Na+ gradient and ATP substrate specificity
42
in terms of NAdr inactivation following release what are the features of uptake 2
low affinity, high capacity present on extra-neuronal tissue
43
what was used to demonstrate the uptake mechanism of NAdr
iversen
44
what blocks uptake mechanism 2
cortisol
45
what blocks uptake mechanism 1 and what are they most clinically used as
cocaine imipramine desipramine amitryptaline
46
what weakly blocks uptake mechanism 1
guanethidine
47
structure of imipramine
tricyclic antidepressant first one
48
what are drugs that stimulate NAdr release
indirect sympathominetics: tyramine ephedrine amphetamine
49
what are the 2 important enzymes and metabolites in NAdr metabolism
monoamine oxidase (MAO) catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) VMA MHPG
50
what does COMT convert norepinephrine into
normetanephrine
51
what does MAO convert normetanephrine into
mopegal
52
what converts mopegal into VMA
AD
53
what does MAO convert norepinephrine into
dopegal
54
what does AR convert norepinephrine into
DHPG
55
in NAdr metabolism what happens to DHPG
COMT converts it into MHPG
56
what converts MHPG into mopegal and what can reverse this process
ADH AR
57
what are drugs that interfere with NAdr metabolism
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's) iproniazid
58
what are the adrenoceptor subtypes
α- isoforms 1/2 β - 1/2/3
59
function of autoreceptors
mediates feedback inhibition of neurotransmitter release at the synapse α1 - predominantly postsynaptic α2 - predominantly presynaptic
60
what are all β adenoceptors
are all GPCR's and stimulate cAMP formation
61
what do β1 adrenoceptors stimulate
cardiac acceleration lipolysis decrease gut motility and secretion renin release
62
what do β2 adrenoceptors release
bronchodilation vasodilation of blood vessels to skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown
63
why would clonidine (α2) have an antihypertensive action
clonidine will agonise α2 receptors which are located at the presynaptic membrane causes a block to noradrenaline release
64
what occurs if you antagonise an α1 adrenocepor
anti-hypertensive effect
65
what is isoprenaline
a β1 adrenoceptor agonist used in treatment for asthma associated with high incidences of heart failure
66
what is salbutamol
a β2 adrenoceptor agonist effective bronchodilator by inhalation
67
what is dobutamine
a β1 agonist used as a cardiac stimulant
68
what is propanolol
β adrenoceptor antagonist non-selective beta blocker anti-hypertensive has local anaesthetic action can cause bronchoconstriction
69
what is atenolol
β1 adrenoceptor antagonist cardio-selective
70
what do atenolol and propanolol both have in their structure
oxymethylene bridge
71
what are the signalling properties of α1 adrenoceptors
increase in IP3 increase in DAG mostly excitatory
72
what are the signalling properties of α2 adrenoceptors
decrease in cAMP decrease in CA2+ channels increase in K+ conductance
73
what are the signalling properties of β1,2,3 adrenoceptors
increase in cAMP mostly excitatory
74
what enzyme makes acetylcholine and from what
acetyl CoA and choline choline acetyltransferase (CAT)
75
what is the rate limiting step for ACh synthesis
choline being taken into the nerve transmitter by choline transporter
76
how is ACh taken into presynaptic vesicles and what blocks it
via active transport vesamicol
77
what is ACh released in response to
calcium entry into the presynaptic terminal
78
the synaptic cleft is rich in which enzyme and what is its function
acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh into choline and acetic acid
79
what blocks choline transporter
hemicholinium
80
how do different doses of acetylcholine receptors affect blood pressure
low doses (2-50μg) causes a drop in blood pressure higher doses of 5mg cause a rise in blood pressure
81
what blocks muscarinic and nicotinic action
muscarinic - atropine nicotinic - excess of nicotine
82
which drugs have muscarinic and nicotinic action
acetylcholine carbachol
83
what drugs are selective for muscarinic action
bethanechol muscarine pilocarpine oxotremorine
84
muscarinic receptors effect of agonists on cardiovascular system
decreased HR decreased cardiac output decreased vasodilation
85
muscarinic receptors effect of agonists on GI system
increased activity
86
muscarinic receptors effect of agonists on gland secretion
increased sweating increased lacrimation increased salivation
87
features of muscarinic 1 receptors
type - neural location - CNS cellular action: increase in IP3 and DAG function - increase gut motility increase gastric acid secretion
88
features of muscarinic 2 receptors
type - cardiac location - atria/presynaptic terminals cellular action - decrease in cAMP function - cardiac and neural inhibition
89
features of muscarinic 3 receptors
type - glandular location - exocrine glands, smooth muscle, vascular endothelium cellular action - increase in IP3 and DAG function - secretion, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation (via NO)
90
name 2 muscarinic receptor antagonists
atropine pirenzepine
91
what are the effects of nicotine and DMPP
stimulation of autonomic ganglia
92
what does hexamethonium block
ganglionic nicotinic receptors
93
what can hexamethonium be used to treat
hypertension - lowers blood pressure
94
what are the potential side effects of hexamethonium
dry mouth reduced gastric acid secretion constipation urinary retention blurred vision postural hypotension sexual dysfunction

Biomed 2 (18 decks)

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