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PSYC 365 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Homologous structure

A

Evidence of common heritage of different animals is still visible in shapes of body and brain (all animals emerged from a common evolutionary ancestor; structures tend to be highly similar)

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2
Q

Why do we involve non-human animals in research about the human nervous system?

A

Due to structural homology, animal brains can provide an approximate model of the human brain for hypotheses that cannot be directly tested on human participants

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3
Q

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system and what do they do?

A

Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system - somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A
  • part of PNS
  • interacts with external environment
  • external sensory signals carried into CNS by afferent nerves
  • motor signals carried from CNS to skeletal muscles by efferent nerves
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5
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A
  • part of PNS
  • regulates internal environment
  • internal sensory signals (internal organs) carried into CNS by afferent nerves
  • motor signals carried from CNS to internal organs by efferent nerves
  • state of ANS is function of degree of balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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6
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A
  • part of autonomic nervous system in PNS
  • sympathetic efferent nerves mobilize energy resources in threatening situations
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7
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A
  • part of autonomic nervous system in PNS
  • parasympathetic efferent nerves act to conserve energy
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8
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

left and right sides of bodies are mirror-opposite (regions don’t necessarily perform the same functions on each side)

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9
Q

Corpus callosum

A

tract of neurons connecting left and right hemispheres

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10
Q

Contralaterality

A

each side of body is mostly controlled by the opposite side of the brain

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11
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • largest division of the brain
  • contains cerebral cortex
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12
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • outer layer of the cerebrum
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13
Q

Major brain divisions

A
  • cerebrum (left and right hemispheres; frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes)
  • cerebellum (little brain)
  • brainstem (relay centre between spinal cord and brain)
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14
Q

Convoluted vs. lissencephalic

A

convoluted: increased surface area, volume remains small (fissures/sulci & gyri)
lissencephalic: smooth-brained (many mammals inc. rats)

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15
Q

Sulci

A

fissures/furrows in cortex

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16
Q

Gyri

A

ridges between fissures (sulci)

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17
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

longest fissure in brain

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18
Q

Cerebral commisures

A

tracts connecting cerebral hemispheres; largest is corpus callosum (connects left and right hemispheres)

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19
Q

What lobes does the central fissure separate?

A

frontal lobe from parietal lobe

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20
Q

What lobes does the lateral fissure separate?

A

frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

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21
Q

Limbic system

A
  • group of structures that work together; involved in behavioural and emotional responses and memory
  • hippocampus (memory)
  • amygdala (fear and fear-based learning)
  • hypothalamus (keeps body in homeostasis by influencing ANS and managing hormones)
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22
Q

Occipital lobe - main function (1), organization, location

A
  • vision
  • retinotopic organization (objects are represented similarly in field of vision and location in cortex)
  • lower back of cerebrum (inferior posterior)
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23
Q

Temporal lobe - main function (6), important areas (2), location

A
  • hearing, learning, memory, emotion, language, face recognition
  • Wernicke’s area (speech comprehension)
  • fusiform face area (face recognition)
  • lower cerebrum (dorsal medial), over cerebellum
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24
Q

Parietal lobe - main function (1), important area (1), organization, location

Study These Flashcards
A
  • bodily sensations (touch, temperature, pain, etc.)
  • somatosensory cortex (processes proprioception and touch info)
  • topographic organization (representation is adjacent to neighboring areas)
  • upper back of brain (superior posterior)
25
Frontal lobe - main function (3), important areas (3), location
- movement, planning, organization - prefrontal cortex (higher level cognitive functioning - motor cortex (planned, coordinated movement) - Broca's area (language production) - front of cerebrum (anterior)
26
Anterior
ante, before towards front syn: rostral (beak)
27
Posterior
post, after towards back syn: caudal (tail)
28
Dorsal
dorsum, back up/atop syn: superior
29
Ventral
venter, belly down, below, on bottom syn: inferior
30
Medial
medius, middle towards midline syn: nasal (nose)
31
Lateral
latus, side away from midline syn: temporal (temple)
32
Ipsilateral
ipsi, same same side of body
33
Contralateral
contra, against/opposite to opposite sides of body
34
Key subcortical systems (4)
- thalamus - basal ganglia - hippocampus - amygdala
35
Key cortical systems (3)
- somatosensory cortex - motor cortex - association areas
36
Thalamus - main function, location, subdivision
- relay station (most information that proceeds to cerebral cortex passes through thalamus) - just above brainstem, near centre of brain (in midbrain); one in each hemisphere - 50ish nuclei with multiple functional specializations
37
Basal Ganglia - main function (2), location, structural features (4)
- intermediary between higher thoughts, sensations, and reflexes; facilitates movement - base of brain (basal), in temporal lobes - cluster of nerve cells (ganglia) - striatum (caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus
38
Hippocampus - main function (2), location, subdivisions (4)
- navigation, memory (cognitive mapping - time and space) - in hippocampal formation (temporal lobes) - Cornu ammonis 1, CA2, CA3, CA4
39
Amygdala - main function (4), location
- fear and threat detection, processing positive stimuli, emotional memory consolidation, attention to emotionally relevant stimuli - in temporal lobes, anterior to hippocampus
40
Somatosensory cortex - main function (1), organization, location
- somatic sensation processing (touch, proprioception/kinesthesia, nociception, temperature); information moves from receptor through thalamus to somatosensory cortex - somatotopic organization (point-for-point correspondence) - in postcentral gyrus (posterior to central sulcus)
41
Proprioception
sense of position of body in space syn: kinesthesia
42
Nociception
sense of pain
43
Motor cortex - main function (1), location, subdivisions (3)
- voluntary movement - frontal lobe, anterior to central sulcus - primary motor cortex (homunculous; corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract), supplementary motor cortex (nonprimary), premotor cortex (nonprimary)
44
Primary motor cortex - main function (1), location
- contains motor map (homunculus); movement signals are transported to either corticospinal or corticobulbar tract - precentral gyrus (strip of cortex)
45
Corticospinal tract
carries body movement related signals from primary motor cortex to spinal cord
46
Corticobulbar tract
carries head, neck, and face movement related signals to brainstem
47
Nonprimary motor cortex regions (2)
- supplementary motor cortex - premotor cortex
48
Supplementary motor cortex - main function (3)
- execution of sequences of movement - attainment of motor skills - selection of movements (based on incoming sensory info)
49
Premotor cortex - main function (2)
- contributes about 30% of neurons that enter corticospinal tract - planning of movement
50
Association areas - main function (2), locations, example (1)
- associate simpler elements of cognition (allowing for more complex elements of cognition) - allow sensory experience to be tuned by expectations, needs, etc. (without these cortices, reflexive responses only) - regions of temporal and parietal lobes - prefrontal cortex
51
Prefrontal cortex - main functions (2), subregions (5), location
- executive functions - uses sensory info to plan responses & communicate with other areas to enact them - allows neural responses to reflect significance rather than surface properties of sensory events - orbitofrontal cortex; ventrolateral pfc; dorsolateral pfc; dorsomedial cortex; ventromedial cortex
52
Executive functions
- processes that focus on controlling short-sighted behaviour, to act with a goal in mind - self control, planning, decision making, problem solving
53
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
- activated in association with rewards - dopamine neurons project from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens in basal ganglia
54
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
- region of PFC - understand relationship between action and outcome - damage - reasoning intact but application of reasoning to decisions isn't
55
Ventrolateral PFC
- region of PFC - inferior frontal gyrus (IFG): unhelpful action and thought inhibition
56
Dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC)
- working memory - complex sets of rules; other abstract thought
57
Gray matter
brain cells
58
White matter
highways of axons
59
Different types of brain tissue (3)
Gray matter - brain cells White matter - highways of axons Cerebrospinal fluid - fluid in ventricles (cavities)

PSYC 365 (14 decks)

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