neuroanatomy

Question 1

characteristics of neutrons

Answer 1

high metabolic rate, long living and amitotic (don’t divide)
loose chromatin and prominent nucleolus

Question 2

what are the 3 types of neutron

Answer 2

multipolar- motor
bipolar- retinal nerve fibre (cr 1and 2)
pseudounipolar neuron- sensory neutron

Question 3

function of myelin sheath

Answer 3

increases conduction sped in axons

Question 4

what forms the myelin sheath

Answer 4

Schwann cells in PNS
oligodendrocytes in CNS

Question 5

what is the CNS

Answer 5

brain and spinal cord

Question 6

clinical importance of myelin sheath

Answer 6

MS- patchy loss/ scarring of myelin sheath and prevents normal nerve conduction

Question 7

what does white matter contain

Answer 7

myelinated axons

Question 8

what does grey matter contain

Answer 8

nerve cell bodies

Question 9

collect of neural cell bodies outside CNS

Answer 9

ganglion

Question 10

collect of neural cell bodies inside CNS

Answer 10

nucleus

Question 11

glial cells

Answer 11

non excitable supporting cells, much smaller than neurone

Question 12

neurons

Answer 12

excitable cells and carry impulses as action potentials

Question 13

most popular glial cell in CNS

Answer 13

astrocytes- maintaining blood brain barrier

Question 14

function of microglia

Answer 14

phagocytosis and help with scar tissue formation

Question 15

function of ependymal cells

Answer 15

line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles

Question 16

function of satellite cells

Answer 16

surround neuronal cell bodies

Question 17

describe the blood brain barrier

Answer 17

protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain and prevent harmful amino acids and ions entering the bloodstream and blood cells entering the brain

Question 18

what forms the BBB

Answer 18

tight endothelial junctions sitting on a basal lamina and is protected by foot processes of astrocytes

Question 19

what is a circumventricular organ

Answer 19

organs that dont have a blood brain barrier such as the hypothalamus and pituarity gland as they are endocrine organs

Question 20

function of cerebrum

Answer 20

consciousness

Question 21

function of cerebellum

Answer 21

balance and coordination, fine tuning motor activity

Question 22

function of brainstem

Answer 22

vital centres such as cardiorespiratory, pathway for fibre tracts

Question 23

three parts of brainstem

Answer 23

mid brain, pons, medulla

Question 24

where does lower end of medulla sit

Answer 24

foramen magnum

Question 25

3 folds of dura mater

Answer 25

tantrum cerebelli, dural folds falx cerebri

Question 26

what are ventricles in the brain

Answer 26

Spaces in the brain filled with CSF

Question 27

where do you find the lateral ventricles

Answer 27

c shaped cavities which lie in the cerebral hemisphere

Question 28

where do you find the third ventricle

Answer 28

cavity within the diencephalon connected by inter ventricular foramen

Question 29

where do you find the cerebral aqueducts

Answer 29

found in the midbrain

Question 30

where do you find the diamond shaped 4th ventricles

Answer 30

in the hindbrain- between pons and medulla (in front) and cerebellum ( in back)

Question 31

where is CSF present

Answer 31

inside ventricles and between Pia and arachnoid mater

Question 32

where is CSF formed

Answer 32

by choroid plexus in each ventricle

Question 33

where is CSF absorbed

Answer 33

by arachnoid villi into saggital sinus

Question 34

where does CSF circulate

Answer 34

around brain and into subarachnoid mater

Question 35

what is the diecaphelon made up of

Answer 35

thalamus and hypothalamus and pituarity gland

Question 35

what is the medulla

Answer 35

lowest part of brain stem and at form magnum becomes the spinal cord

Question 36

what cranial nerves arise from the medulla

Answer 36

9,10,11,12

Question 37

what is a decussation

Answer 37

crossing over of motor fibres on medulla that carry impulses to skeletal muscle

Question 38

where does the medulla connect to the cerebellum

Answer 38

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 39

what cranial nerves arise from the pons

Answer 39

5.6.7.8

Question 40

where does the pons attach to the cerebellum

Answer 40

middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 41

what are the superior and inferior colliculi

Answer 41

pea like structures on the midbrain and superior gives rise to visual reflex and inferior gives rise to auditory reflex

Question 42

does 4th cranial nerve originate from the posterior or anterior aspect of the midbrain

Answer 42

posterior aspect

Question 43

are the structures that make up the diencephalon made up of grey or white matter

Answer 43

grey matter

Question 44

what does the thalamus do

Answer 44

sensory info synapses in thalamus and it triages it and decides what is most important

Question 45

functions of hypothalamus

Answer 45

regulating homeostasis

Question 46

Role of circle of willis

Answer 46

protective feature against vaso-occlusion of large arteries

Question 47

where do the superficial and deep veins of the brain drain into

Answer 47

venous sinus between dura mater and this drains into IJV