zer to finals conditions

Question 1

what are the causes of MS

Answer 1

genes, epstein-barr virus, low vitamin D, smoking and obesiy

Question 2

other causes of optic neuritis that arent MS

Answer 2

sarcoidosis, syphilis, measles, lyme disease

Question 3

how to treat MS relapses

Answer 3

steriods

Question 4

what do you look for in a lumbar puncture of MS

Answer 4

oligoclonal bands in the CSF

Question 5

what is lhermittes sign

Answer 5

electric shock sensation that travels down spine and into limbs when flexing the neck.

Question 6

what is the most common type of MND

Answer 6

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 7

what is progressive bulbar palsy

Answer 7

Affects the muscles of talking and swallowing

Question 8

signs of a lower motor neuron disease

Answer 8

muscle wasting, reduced tone, fascicilations, reduced reflexes

Question 9

signs of upper motor neurons

Answer 9

increased tone, brisk reflexes and upgoing plantar reflexes

Question 10

what drugs slows progression of ALS

Answer 10

riluzole

Question 11

side effects of sodium valproate

Answer 11

teratogenic, liver damage, hair loss and tremor

Question 12

how does sodium valproate work

Answer 12

increases activity of GABA which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 13

drugs to treat generalised tonic- clonic seizure

Answer 13

men- sodium valproate
women- lamotrigine or levetiracetam

Question 14

how do you treat a partial seizure

Answer 14

lamotrigine or levetiracetam

Question 15

how to treat myoclonic seizure

Answer 15

men- sodium valproate
women- levetiracetam

Question 16

how do you treat absent seizures

Answer 16

ethosuximide

Question 17

what is status epilepticus

Answer 17

seizures lasting more than 5 minutes

Question 18

management of status epilepticus

Answer 18

midazolam, diazepam

Question 19

what is myasthenia gravis

Answer 19

autoimmune conditin affecting the neuromuscular junction.

Question 20

what symptoms do you experiences with myasthenia gravis

Answer 20

muscle weakness that gets worse with activity

Question 22

what tumour is myastheia gravis associated with

Answer 22

thymomas

Question 23

treatment for myasthenia gravis

Answer 23

cholinesterase inhibitor
immunosupressors

Question 24

what viruses trigger guillian barre syndrome

Answer 24

campylobacter jejuni, epstein barr virus

Question 25

how do you diagnose guillian barr syndrome

Answer 25

nerve conduction studies
lumbar puncture looking for raised protein with normal cell and glucose count