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Intro to Neuroscience > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron hypothesis

A

neurons are the units of brain function

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2
Q

Neuron doctrine

A

-the brain is composed of individual cells
-information is relayed from cell to cell through synapses

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3
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

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4
Q

Glial cells

A

provide support for and contribute to information processing neurons

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5
Q

Input zone

A

Receives information through dendrites

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6
Q

Integration zone

A

Cell body/stoma where information is combined

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7
Q

Conduction zone

A

Single axon leads away from cell body and transmits impulse

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8
Q

Output zone

A

axon terminals communicate activity for other cells

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9
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

one axon and many dendrites (most common type)

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10
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

One axon and one dendrite

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11
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

A single extension branches in 2 directions to form input and output zones

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12
Q

Axon hillock

A

-cone shaped
-gives rise to axon

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13
Q

Synapses

A

-cell body and dendrites receive information across synapses
-presynaptic sends impulses, postsynaptic receives impulses

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14
Q

Synaptic components

A
  • presynaptic membrane is on the axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
    -synaptic cleft is the gap between the membranes where chemicals are often dumped
    -post synaptic membrane is on the dendrite/cell body of the post synaptic neuron
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15
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

-in presynaptic axon terminal
-contain neurotransmitters that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to electrical activity in the neruon

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16
Q

Ependymal cells

A

-make and secrete cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

Astrocytes

A

-structural support
-transport materials between neurons and capillaries
-scar tissue
-direct blood flow to active neurons

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18
Q

Microglia

A

-phagocytosis
-originate in blood
-prune synapses during development

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes/schwann cells

A

-myelination
-squeeze glial cytoplasm out from neurons
-oligodendrocytes in CNS
-Schwann cells in PNS

20
Q

Afferent

A

inputs to a brain structure, sensory pathways

21
Q

Efferent

A

outputs from brain, motor pathways

22
Q

In the brainstem, dorsal is towards the ____ and ventral is towards the _____

A

back, front

23
Q

Contralateral

A

different side

24
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

25
Q

Dorsal/superior

A

top

26
Q

Ventral/anterior

A

bottom

27
Q

medial

A

middle

28
Q

Lateral

A

Outside

29
Q

Posterior

A

back

30
Q

Anterior

A

front

31
Q

Order of nerve systems in the spinal cord

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

32
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

-transmits sensation and produces movement
-cranial and spinal nerves
-dorsal root carries info into brain, ventral carries into body

33
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

-Internal functions
-sympathetic and parasympathetic

34
Q

Enteric

A

digestive system

35
Q

Sympathetic

A

-produces norepinephrine
-fight or flight

36
Q

Parasympathetic

A

-produces acetylcholine
-opposite of sympathetic

37
Q

Lobes of the brain

A

Frontal, central sulcus, parietal
Temporal, preoccipital notch, occipital

38
Q

PET scan

A

-uses radioactive chemicals injected into bloodstream
-helps identify what brain regions associate with certain functions

39
Q

fMRI

A

measures changes in blood oxygen levels in active brain areas

40
Q

Optical imaging

A

uses near infrared light passed through the skull to reveal brain activity

41
Q

MRI

A

Magnet causes hydrogen atoms to line up and radio frequencies are emitted to disturb protons

42
Q

Angiogram

A

Shows blood flow through brain

43
Q

CT/CAT scan

A

Many x ray images are taken in 2D and then put together to form a 3D image of the brain

44
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

A

-Based on fractional anisotropy
-measures water movement through axons

45
Q

Ventricular system

A

-shock absorption
-removes toxins from brain
-when infected, meningitis (inflammation of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid)

46
Q

Arterial system

A

-provides blood to rain
-anterior cerebral artery (on top) and posterior cerebral artery (back and bottom)
-Blood brain barrier prevents drugs from entering brain
-blood brain barrier is caused by the result of higher resistance in the brain capillaries that restricts the passage of large molecules

47
Q

Layers of the cortex

A

1-3: integrative functions
4- sensory input
5-6: output to other parts of the brain or other areas

Intro to Neuroscience (14 decks)

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