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Intro to Neuroscience > Sensation and perception > Flashcards

Sensation and perception Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells in the retina fire action potentials?

A

ganglion cells

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2
Q

Scotopic system

A

rods - works in dim light

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3
Q

Photopic system

A

cones- require more light and require more light

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4
Q

The visual system responds to a band of electromagnetic radiation, measured in

A

quanta

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5
Q

Each quantum has a

A

wavelength

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6
Q

Quanta of light energy with visible wavelengths are called

A

photons

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7
Q

Retina contains

A

both rods and cones

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8
Q

The fovea contains

A

only cones

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9
Q

The retina contains stacks of disks that react to light and release neurotransmitters onto

A

bipolar neurons

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10
Q

In rods, quanta of light are captured by the photopigment

A

rhodopsin

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11
Q

Photopigments consist of two parts

A

Retinal and opsin

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12
Q

When light activates rhodopsin, retinal

A

dissociates and the opsin is activated

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13
Q

A cascade of events produces a ____ of rods or cones.

A

hyperpolarization

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14
Q

The magnitude of the hyperpolarization determines the

A

reduction in neurotransitters

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15
Q

The visual system tracks changes in

A

light

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16
Q

receptive field of a sensory cell

A

consists of the stimulus region and the features that excite or inhibit the cell

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17
Q

At rest, photoreceptors

A

steadily release glutamate

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18
Q

Glutamate depolarizes some bipolar cells and hyperpolarizes others, depending on

A

the type of glutamate receptor the cell possesses.

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19
Q

On-center bipolar cells

A

turning light on in the center excites them
They receive less glutamate, which normally inhibits on-center bipolar cells.

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20
Q

Off-center bipolar cells

A

turning off light in the center of the field excites the cells
They receive more glutamate and are depolarized

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21
Q

Bipolar cells release glutamate, which always depolarizes

A

ganglion cells

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22
Q

On-center bipolar cells excite

A

on-center ganglion cells when light is turned on

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23
Q

Off-center bipolar cells excite

A

off-center ganglion cells when light is turned off

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24
Q

Range fractionation

A

receptors with different thresholds handle different intensities.

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25
Q

Two main factors contribute to photoreceptor adaptation

A

Calcium (Ca2+) regulation
Amount of photopigment available

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26
Q

Visual field

A

The whole area you can see without moving your head or eyes

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27
Q

Visual acuity

A

Sharpness of vision; falls off towards the periphery of the visual field

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28
Q

Visual acuity is best in the

A

fovea

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29
Q

Optic disc

A

where blood vessels enter and leave the eye

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30
Q

Blind spot

A

due to lack of photoreceptors in the optic disc/ optic nerve

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31
Q

Rod input converges on

A

ganglion cells in the scotopic system.

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32
Q

Saccades

A

constantly shift the eyes so that adaptation doesn’t cause the scene to disappear

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33
Q

Information from nasal half of retina crosses to opposite hemisphere at

A

the optic chiasm

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34
Q

90% of axons go to

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), V1 (primary visual receiving area of the cortex)

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35
Q

10% of axons go to

A

Superior colliculus (SC), Pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus

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36
Q

Striate cortex

A

primary visual cortex (v1)

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37
Q

extrastriate cortex

A

visual cortical areas outside of the striate cortex

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38
Q

Ventral pathway

A

“what” pathway
object identification

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39
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

“where” pathway
object location or motion

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40
Q

Sensation

A

The registration of physical stimuli from the environment by the sensory organs

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41
Q

Perception

A

Subjective interpretation of sensations by the brain

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42
Q

Perception involves an interaction between

A

physical stimuli and the context surrounding them (including our previous experiences)

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43
Q

Luminance

A

Physical measure of light intensity

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44
Q

Brightness

A

The perceptual experience of light and dark elicited by different intensities of light

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45
Q

Hue

A

perceptual process of viewing color
“color” is a hue

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46
Q

Color has three perceptual qualities

A

Hue
Saturation
Brightness

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47
Q

V4

A

primary receiving area for color

48
Q

lesions to v4 cause

A

achromatopsia- see in shades of light to dark

49
Q

illusory motion leads to neural activity

A

in motion areas

50
Q

Sound wave

A

wave-like changes in air pressure

51
Q

A pure tone is described by two measures

A

amplitude and frequency

52
Q

Amplitude

A

loudness, measured in decibels (dB)

53
Q

Frequency

A

number of cycles per second
pitch- measured in hertz (Hz)

54
Q

Complex sounds can be broken down into their component frequencies

A

A sound contains a fundamental, or basic, frequency—harmonics are multiples of that frequency.

55
Q

Timbre

A

Characteristic sound quality of an instrument, related to the intensities of harmonics.

56
Q

Sound, a mechanical force, is ____ into neural activity.

A

transducted

57
Q

The external ear and the pinna funnel sound waves into the

A

ear canal

58
Q

middle ear

A

concentrates sound energies.

59
Q

Three ossicles

A

malleus, incus, and stapes—connect the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the oval window.

60
Q

Inner ear structures

A

convert sound into neural activity.

61
Q

Mammals have a fluid-filled

A

cochlea

62
Q

parts of the cochlea

A

base and apex.

63
Q

the cochlea has three parallel canals

A

Scala vestibuli—vestibular canal
Scala media—middle canal
Scala tympani—tympanic canal

64
Q

round window

A

membrane that separates the scala tympani from the middle ear

65
Q

organ of Corti has three main structures

A

-Sensory cells, or hair cells
-Framework of supporting cells
-Basilar membrane, which vibrates in response to sound

66
Q

Sound vibrations cause the basilar membrane to

A

oscillate

67
Q

High frequency sound displaces the narrow base of

A

basilar membrane

68
Q

Low frequency sound displaces the

A

wider apex

69
Q

The organ of Corti has two sets of sensory cells:

A

Inner hair cells (IHCs)
Outer hair cells (OHCs)

70
Q

Stereocilia

A

protrude from each hair cell

71
Q

OHCs extend into the

A

tectorial membrane, which is on top of the organ of Corti.

72
Q

Afferent nerve fibers carry messages from

A

hair cells to the brain.

73
Q

Efferent nerve fibers send messages from

A

the brain to hair cells

74
Q

Tip links

A

Thin fibers that run across the tips of the hair cell’s stereocilia

75
Q

Vibration makes stereocilia sway, creating tension on the tip links that then open the

A

ion channels

76
Q

The hair cell depolarizes, and calcium influx at the base of the cell causes

A

neurotransmitter release

77
Q

Output of the cochlear nuclei travels to multiple targets:

A

Superior olivary nuclei—receive bilateral input
Inferior colliculi—in the midbrain
Then to the medial geniculate nuclei in the thalamus
Then to auditory cortical areas

78
Q

~60% of auditory information goes to the

A

contralateral auditory cortex

79
Q

All levels of the auditory pathway have

A

tonotopic organization

-arranged in a map according to the frequencies to which they respond

80
Q

A1

A

primary receiving area for auditory information

81
Q

Sound has 3 physical properties:

A

Frequency
Amplitude
Complexity

82
Q

three perceptual qualities of sound

A

Pitch
Loudness
Timbre

83
Q

Three kinds of taste papillae are distributed on the tongue:

A

Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae

84
Q

Each papillae holds one or more

A

taste buds
sit between the crevices of the papillae

85
Q

taste buds consist of 50-100

A

taste receptor cells

86
Q

Taste cells extend cilia into the

A

taste pore

87
Q

taste pore 👅

A

the opening at the surface of the taste bud, to expose them to tastants.

88
Q

Five basic tastes:

A

salty
sour (acidic)
sweet
bitter
Umami (savory)

89
Q

Salty taste is due to

A

Sodium (Na+) ions are transported across taste cell membranes, causing depolarization that sends information to the brain.

90
Q

Sour ☣️

A

-All acids release hydrogen ions (H+).
-Sour taste cells all seem to contain the PKD2LI ion channel protein.
This same receptor detects carbonation in drinks.
-H+ ions block K+ channels, preventing K+ from leaving the cell
-Results in depolarization, opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, causes neurotransmitter release

91
Q

sweet, bitter, and umami 🚸

A

all appear to stimulate G-protein-coupled receptors that cause a cascade of intracellular events.

92
Q

Sweet tastants are detected by

A

a heterodimer of two T1R receptors: T1R2 and T1R3.

93
Q

Bitter is detected by

A

T2R receptors

94
Q

Umami is a meaty, savory flavor detected by

A

a type of metabotropic glutamate receptor.
-Monosodium glutamate (MSG) stimulates this receptor.
-A second probable umami receptor is a heterodimer of T1R1 and T1R3 receptors.
-Selectively responds to most of the 20 standard amino acids in our diet.

95
Q

Gustatory Pathway

A

Cranial nerves
Nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla
Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
Primary gustatory cortex
Insula and frontal operculum
Secondary gustatory cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex

96
Q

Pattern coding

A

Tastes may be based on temporal patterns of action potentials

97
Q

Taste may be a system of labeled lines

A

inactivating one taste quality leaves the perception of other taste qualities intact.

98
Q

Flavour is the perception of

A

taste and smell together

99
Q

The sense of smell starts with receptor neurons in the nose—within the

A

olfactory epithelium.

100
Q

Three types of cells in the epithelium

A

Olfactory receptor neurons
Supporting cells
Basal cells

101
Q

Each olfactory receptor cell has an apical dendrite that extends to the

A

mucosal surface.

102
Q

Cilia emerge from the

A

dendritic knob

103
Q

Curved surfaces in the nasal cavity, called ____, direct airflow.

A

turbinates

104
Q

Once at a receptor cell, odorants interact with receptors on the

A

cilia and dendritic knob.

105
Q

The G olf protein is activated, triggering production of

A

second messengers

106
Q

Olfactory receptor cell axons end in the

A

olfactory bulb

107
Q

The olfactory bulb is organized into many ____ :roughly spherical units

A

glomeruli

108
Q

Olfactory receptor axons synapse onto the dendrites of

A

mitral cells within the glomeruli and conduct smell information directly to cortex and other brain regions

109
Q

Primary olfactory (pyriform or piriform) cortex

A

Primarily ipsilateral
Junction of frontal and temporal cortices
Goes to medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus AFTER processing in piriform cortex

110
Q

Secondary olfactory cortex is in the

A

orbitofrontal cortex

111
Q

Superior colliculus

A

separates visual only and multimodal layers
spatial maps of visual, auditory, and tactile space
information is integrated if spatially and temporally aligned

112
Q

Junctions of cortical areas

A

parieto-occipital and tempo-parietal

113
Q

synesthesia

A

inappropriate connections between modalities that leads to abnormal perceptions

114
Q

possible cause of synesthesia

A

improper synaptic pruning during infancy, likely a genetic component

115
Q

most common type of synesthesia

A

color-grapheme
vision-audition also common

Intro to Neuroscience (14 decks)

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