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Anatomy II > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cell anchors neurons close to capillaries in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

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2
Q

What type of cell protects neurons and can turn into macrophages in the CNS?

A

Microglia

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3
Q

What cells line the brain cavity and spinal cord cavity?

A

Ependymal cells

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4
Q

What cells form myelin sheaths around neurons in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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5
Q

What cells sorround neuron cell bodies in the PNS?

A

Satallite cells

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6
Q

What cells form myelin sheaths around larger neurons in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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7
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insula

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8
Q

What cells allow control of skeletal muscles?

A

Pyramidal cells

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9
Q

What does the premotor cortex do?

A

Helps plan movement, can coordinate several muscle groups at the same time.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of Broca’s area?

A

Control muscles that produce speech

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11
Q

What cortex is responsible for balance?

A

Vestibular cortex

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12
Q

What is the cortex responsible for smell?

A

Olfactory cortex

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13
Q

What cortex is responsible for taste?

A

Gustatory cortext

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14
Q

What cortex is responsible for viseral feelings?

A

Visceral sensory cortex

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15
Q

Spinal nerves are classified as ____

A

Mixed nerves

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16
Q

What cranial nerve carries only motor information?

A

Abducens nerve

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17
Q

The sciatic nerve is the combination of which 2 nerves?

A

common fibular and tibial

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18
Q

What is the function of spinocerebellar tracts?

A

carry information of muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum

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19
Q

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.

A

lateral sulcus

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20
Q

Nerve axons are surrounded by a loose connective tissue layer called the ___.

A

endoneurium

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21
Q

What is a benefit of a nerve plexus?

A

If one nerve is damaged, all functions are not cut off from the responding area.

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22
Q

The posterior side of the thigh, leg, and foot is served by the ________ nerve.

A

Tibial

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23
Q

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.

A

Recticular formation

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24
Q

Which brain structure functions to control the autonomic nervous system and to regulate body temperature?

A

Hypothalamus

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25
Q

What sense is handled by the limbic association area?

A

Sense of danger

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26
Q

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?

A

complete loss in volentary movement

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27
Q

Second-order neurons of ascending pathways that contribute to sensory perception terminate in the ________.

A

thalamus

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28
Q

Third-order interneurons in the sensory pathway relay ascending information from the

A

thalamus to specific sensory areas of the cortex

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29
Q

Dermatome maps are…

A

Areas of the skin that are associated with a certain spinal nerve

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30
Q

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________.

A

Sacral plexus

31
Q

The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve that innervates the ____.

A

superior oblique of the eye.

32
Q

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.

A

corpus callosum

33
Q

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.

A

premotor cortex

34
Q

The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.

A

pyramids

35
Q

What does the cerebral white matter contain?

A

Fibres that connect opposing or different areas of the brain.

36
Q

What is the purpose of projection fibres?

A

To connect the cortex to the rest of the nervous system.

37
Q

What is the role of the basal nuclei?

A

projects to premotor & prefrontal cortices to influence muscle movements directed
by primary motor cortex

38
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

Takes in impulses from body and distributes them to the cortext. The gateway to the cerebral cortext

39
Q

What connects the thalamus to the cortex?

A

the interthalamic adhesion

40
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Handles many autonomic activity in the body such as thermoregulation, cardiac rythm, etc.

41
Q

What is the role of the epithalamus?

A

Regulates sleep schedule (melatonin production)

42
Q

What is the role of the brain stem?

A

Rigidly programmed survival responses such as reflexes.

43
Q

What are the three areas of the brain stem?

A

The midbrain, the Pons and the Medula oblongata

44
Q

What is the role of the medula oblongata?

A

Cadiac centres, respiratory rythm and other survival actions and reflexes.

45
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

“Muscle memory”

46
Q

What is the role of the limbic system?

A

Emotions and memory

47
Q

What is the role of the reticular formation?

A

Filters stimuli

48
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The cauda equina is a group of nerves and nerve roots stemming from the distal end of the spinal cord.

49
Q

What are the lateral horns?

A

sympathetic motor
neurons to visceral
organs; also exit via
ventral roots

50
Q

What are the 3 CT layers that protect the brain?

A

The dura, arachnoid and pia mater

51
Q

What is a Choroid Plexus?

A

clusters of capillaries sourrounded by pia mater and a layer of ependymal cells which produce spinal fluid.

52
Q

What area of the blood-brain barrier is very permiable?

A

Near vomiting centre to detect toxic substances.

53
Q

What is the Endoneurium?

A

loose connective
tissue that encloses axons + their
myelin or neurilemma sheath

54
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

coarse connective
tissue that bundles fibers into
fascicles

55
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

tough fibrous sheath
around a nerve

56
Q

What is the role of the olfactory cranial nerves?

A

Smell

57
Q

What is the role of the optic nerves?

A

Sight

58
Q

What is the role of the oculomotor nerves?

A

Eye movement

59
Q

What is the role of the trochlear nerves?

A

Controls superior oblique muscle of the eye.

60
Q

What is the role of the trigemenial nerves?

A

Opthalmic division: nose and eyes (sensory)
Maxillary division: upper jaw and teeth
Mandibular division: lower jaw and teeth

61
Q

What is the role of the abducens nerve?

A

abducts eyeball

62
Q

What is the role of the vestibulocochlear nerves?

A

Hearing

63
Q

What is the role of the facial nerves?

A

Taste, tears, saliva, motor and sensory receptors in the face.

64
Q

What is the role of the glossopharnygeal nerves?

A

Tongue pharynx. Swallowing, gagging etc

65
Q

What is the role of the vagus nerve?

A

Goes beyond head, regulates parasympathetic actions of the internal organs like heart, lungs, stomach etc

66
Q

What is the role of the accessory nerves?

A

Head and neck movement primarily

67
Q

What is the role of the hypoglossal nerves?

A

Primary mover of tongue.

68
Q

What is the difference between ramus and root?

A

Ramus means branch, root is directly connected to the spinal cord and ramus branches off and out.

69
Q

What is the role of the phrenic nerve?

A

Part of the cervical plexus, responsible for control of the diaphram.

70
Q

What is the role of the Axillary nerve?

A

deltoid muscle

71
Q

What is the role of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

biceps brachii and brachialis

72
Q

What is the role of the median nerve?

A

flexor muscles in anterior forearm and palm.

73
Q

What is the role of the lumbar plexus?

A

Innervates thigh, abdominal wall and psoas muscle

74
Q

What is the role of the sacral plexus?

A

buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures and perineum.

Anatomy II (10 decks)

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