Neuroanatomy

Question 0

What is the sea shell shaped structure in the brain ?

Answer 0

Hippocampus in the temporal lobe

Question 1

What paired structure lies immediately medial to the putamen ?

Answer 1

Globus pallidus

Question 2

Which structure is more rostral - optic chiasm or mammillary bodies ?

Answer 2

Optic chiasm

Question 3

What cerebellar peduncles connect the pons to the cerebellum ?

Answer 3

Middle cerebellar peduncles

Question 4

What cerebellar peduncles connect the midbrain to the cerebellum ?

Answer 4

Superior cerebellar peduncles

Question 5

What cerebellar peduncles connect the medulla to the cerebellum ?

Answer 5

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

Question 6

What fluid is produced in the ventricular system ?

Answer 6

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 7

Which structures of the ventricular system are connected by the interventricular foramen ?

Answer 7

The lateral and third ventricles

Question 8

What is the interthalamic adhesion and where is it ?

Answer 8

It’s a gap between the third ventricles which had fibres passing through it to connect both sides of the thalamus

Question 9

What is the clinical term for a rise in intracranial pressure due to obstruction of CSF ?

Answer 9

Hydrocephalus

Question 10

What 2 structures does the cerebral aqueduct lie underneath ?

Answer 10

Runs the length of the BRAINSTEM underneath the inferior and superior colliculi

Question 11

Where does the cerebral aqueduct open into 3rd ventricle ?

Answer 11

Junction between the midbrain and forebrain

Question 12

What structures form the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle ?

Answer 12

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 13

What secretes CSF?

Answer 13

Choroid plexus

Question 14

What is another name for interventricular foramen ?

Answer 14

Foramen of monro

Question 15

At what level of the brain does the central canal open into the 4th ventricle ?

Answer 15

Medulla

Question 16

What is the function of cerebral aqueduct ?

Answer 16

To connect the 3rd and 4th ventricles

Question 17

Where are sensory neuron ganglions in the spinal cord ?

Answer 17

Dorsal root

Question 18

Where are interneurons in the spinal cord ?

Answer 18

Dorsal horn

Question 19

In the spinal cord where are you most likely to find large neuronal cell bodies ?

Answer 19

Ventral horn which contains the motor neurons

Question 20

What neurons are present in the lateral column ?

Answer 20

Post ganglionic sympathetic neurons

Question 21

Which level of the spinal cord is the lateral horn seen most clearly ?

Answer 21

Thoracic

Question 22

Which tracts arise in the red nucleus and tectum and what one lies most dorsally ?

Answer 22

Rubrospinal tract from red nucleus and tectospinal tract from superior colliculus
Rubrospinal tract lies most dorsally
Rubrospinal - controls the tone of limb flexor muscles
Tectospinal - thought to mediate reflex movement in response to visual stimuli

Question 23

What is the fasiculus cuneatus and fasiculus gracilis?

Answer 23

They are dorsal column tracts which carry info about proprioception and discriminative touch
Gracilis- join spinal cord at sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic levels
Cuneatus- join spinal cord at upper thoracic and cervical levels
Carry info from ipsilateral side of the body

Question 24

Which lies more laterally, fasiculus cuneatus or fasiculus gracilis ?

Answer 24

Fasiculus cuneatus

Question 25

What structures make up the basal ganglia ?

Answer 25

Caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

Question 26

Which electrodes in an EEG are positioned closest to the visual cortex ?

Answer 26

O1 and O2

Question 27

When would you expect to see beta waves ?

Answer 27

When you are awake and during REM sleep

Question 28

Which waves out of alpha and delta waves have the largest amplitude ?

Answer 28

Delta

Question 29

Why do delta waves have a larger amplitude ?

Answer 29

Because these waves are more active when you are sleeping so the firing is more consistent so they are more synchronised and therefore the waves can join together to create a bigger amplitude

Question 30

What types of clinical uses does the EEG have ?

Answer 30

Diagnosis of sporadic CJD - rare and fatal brain condition that causes brain damage to get worse and worse - due to an abnormal prion protein Diagnosis of epilepsy Diagnosis of brain death

Question 31

What are the cranial nerves in order ?

Answer 31

``` 1- olfactory 2- optic 3- oculomotor 4- trochlear 5- trigeminal 6- abducens 7- facial 8- vestibulocochlear 9-glossopharyngeal 10-vagus 11-accessory 12- hypoglossal ```

Question 32

Which cranial nerves enter/exit the pons(pons/medulla boundary) ?

Answer 32

Abducens, facial, vestibuilocochlear and trigeminal

Question 33

Which cranial nerves enter/exit the midbrain ?

Answer 33

Occulomotor and trochlear

Question 34

Which cranial nerve exits on the dorsal surface ?

Answer 34

Trochlear

Question 35

Which cranial nerves have both afferent and efferent branches ?

Answer 35

Trigeminal Facial Glossopharyngeal Vagus

Question 36

Which nerve would be used to carry info relating to very sweet food ?

Answer 36

Facial

Question 37

Which cranial nerve is used to carry info relating to bitter food ?

Answer 37

Glossopharyngeal

Question 38

Which cranial nerve is used to control chewing ?

Answer 38

Trigeminal

Question 39

What is the function of the pons ?

Answer 39

Connection between cerebrum and cerebellum involved in coordination of movements

Question 40

What is the function of the medulla ?

Answer 40

Peripheral control centre and origination of seven cranial nerves

Question 41

What does hemiplegia mean ?

Answer 41

An inability to move one side

Question 42

What are the clinical consequences of left optic tract lesion ?

Answer 42

Homonymous hemianopia- loss of sight in the right visual fields from both eyes

Question 43

What are the common causes of hemiballismus ?

Answer 43

Lesion, stroke or tumour

Question 44

What are common causes of upper motor neurons disease ?

Answer 44

Stoke or spinal cord transection

Question 45

What are the causes of Trigeminal neuralgia ?!

Answer 45

Pain in territory of one or more major subdivisions of trigeminal nerve caused by underlying osteitis of petrous temporal bone, compression of sensory nerve or unknown cause