Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What makes up the brainstem?

Answer 1

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

Question 2

Is the connective tissue in the CNS?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

What is the function f oliodendrocytes?

Answer 3

Produce myelin in the CNS

Question 4

What are the 4 major glial cells in the CNS?

Answer 4

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

Question 5

What is the roleof microglia in the CNS?

Answer 5

Immune monitoring and antigen presentation

Question 6

What are folia?

Answer 6

Equivalent to gyrus in the cerebral hemisphere

Question 7

What composes grey matter?

Answer 7

Huge numbers of neurons,celll processes, synapses and support cells

Question 8

What composes white matter?

Answer 8

Axons (most myelinated) and their support cells

Question 9

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 9

Putamen

Globus pallidus

Question 10

What splits the frontal & parietal lobe?

Answer 10

Central sulcus

Question 11

What splits the parietal & temporallobes?

Answer 11

Lateral sulcus

Question 12

What is he insula involved in?

Answer 12

Patient’s experience of pain

Question 13

What are the layers of meninges frm superficial to deep?

Answer 13

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

Question 14

Where are neurons found in the enteric nervous system?

Answer 14

Myenteric plexus & submucosal plexus

Question 15

How does blood from the brain drain?

Answer 15

Into a system of dural venous sinuses then into the internal jugular foramen

Question 16

What is the end of the spinal cord calledand what vertebral level is it at?

Answer 16

Conus Medularis at L1/2

Question 17

At which spinal levels in a small lateral horn present?

Answer 17

T1-L2

Question 18

What does the lateral horn contain??

Answer 18

Preganglionic sympahetic neurones

Question 19

Which tract is respnsible for finetouch and conscious proprioception?

Answer 19

DCML pathway

Question 20

Where do fibres cross in the DCML pathway?

Answer 20

Medulla

Question 21

Which tract is responsible for pain, temperature and deeppressure?

Answer 21

Spinothalamic tract

Question 22

Where do fibres cross in the spinothalamictract

Answer 22

Segmentally

Question 23

Which tract is responsible for fine, precise movement?

Answer 23

Corticospinaltract

Question 24

Which tract is also called the pyramidal tract?

Answer 24

Corticospinal tract

Question 25

Where do fibres cross in the corticospinal tract?

Answer 25

85% at caudal medula (decussation of the pyramids)

Question 26

What are the 2 divisions of the corticospinal tract?

Answer 26

Crossed fibres - Lateral CST | Uncrossed fibres - Ventral CST (cross segmentally)

Question 27

How would a CVA of the internal capsule causing a lack of descending control of the corticospinal tract present?

Answer 27

Hyperflexion of the upper limbs

Question 28

What are the 3 extrapyramidal tract?

Answer 28

Tectospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Vestibulospinaltract

Question 29

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

Answer 29

Mediates reflex head and neck movement due to visual stimuli

Question 30

Which tract forms the central core of the brain stem?

Answer 30

Reticulospinal tract

Question 31

What effect do fibres originating from the pons have on movement when compared to the medulla?

Answer 31

Pons facilitate extensor and inhibit flexor | Medulla facilitate flexor and inhibit extensor

Question 32

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

Answer 32

Excitatory input to "antigravity" extensor muscles

Question 33

What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?

Answer 33

Lateral hemisectionofthecord

Question 34

What are the effects of a lateral hemisection of the cord?

Answer 34

Ipsilateral paralysis Ipsilateral hyperreflexia & extensor plantar reflex Ipsilateral loss of vibrator sense and proprioception Contralateral loss of pain & temp sense

Question 35

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

Answer 35

``` Molecular layer (outer) Purkinje cell layer (middle) Granular layer (inner) ```

Question 36

Where do most efferent axons coming from the deep cerebellar nuclei synapse?

Answer 36

The thalamus

Question 37

Do cerebral hemispheres influence the ipsilateral or contralateral side of the body?

Answer 37

Ipsilateral

Question 38

What are the symptoms of a unilteral cerebellar hemisphericlesion?

Answer 38

Disturbance of coordination in limbs Intention tremor Unsteady gait in the absence of weakness or sensory loss

Question 39

Symptoms of bilateral cerebellar dysfunction?

Answer 39

Slowed, slurred speech Bilateral incoordination of the arms Staggering widebased gait

Question 40

What acute situation typically results in cerebellar ataxia?

Answer 40

Acute alcohol exposure

Question 41

How does a midline cerebellar lesion present?

Answer 41

Disturbance of postural control (fall over when standing or sitting despite preserved limb coordination)

Question 42

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 42

Facilitate purposeful movement Inhibit unwanted movements Has a role in posture and muscle tone

Question 43

What 5 masses make up the basal ganglia?

Answer 43

``` Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra ```

Question 44

What is the pathology of Parkinson's disease?

Answer 44

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

Question 45

Which side of the body do lesions of the basal ganglia effect?

Answer 45

Contralateral side

Question 46

How do lesions of the basal ganglia present?

Answer 46

Changes in muscle tones | Dyskinesias (tremor, choea, myoclonus)

Question 47

How is Huntington's transmitted?

Answer 47

Autosomal dominant

Question 48

What is the pathology of Huntington's?

Answer 48

Progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

Question 49

Signs of Huntington's

Answer 49

Chorea andprogressivedimentia

Question 50

What is the corticobulbar tract?

Answer 50

The part of the pyramidal tract that is motor to cranialnerves

Question 51

Why is unilateral deafness not a brainstem or core issue?

Answer 51

As superior to the cochlear nuclei some fibres are crossed and some are not

Question 52

What are the 2 types of aphasia?

Answer 52

Broca's & Wernicke's

Question 53

What is Broca's aphasia?

Answer 53

Can understand language but have difficulty producing it

Question 54

What is Wernicke's area?

Answer 54

Patient's have difficult comprehending but can manifest defects ranging from words out of order to meaningless words