Anatomy lectures

Question 1

Which cells are responsible for myelin sheaths in the CNS & PNS?

Answer 1

CNS = oligodendrocytes 
PNS = schwann cells

Question 2

What route do sensory axons take when exiting the spinal cord?

Answer 2

Spinal nerve to posterior root the posterior rootlets then posterior horn of the spinal cord

Question 3

Where do fibres in the STT cross over?

Answer 3

1-2 spinal nerve segments above point of entry

Question 4

Where do fibres crossover in the corticospinal tract?

Answer 4

Crossover in medulla

Question 5

Where does sympathetic outflow exit the spinal cord?

Answer 5

T1-L2 spinal nerves

Question 6

Signs of horner’s syndrome

Answer 6

Ipsilateral ptosis
Ipsilateral miosis (pinpoint pupil)
Reduced sweating on affected side

Question 7

How do presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

Answer 7

Via CN’s III, VII, IX & X and via sacral spinal nerves

Question 8

Where do the extrinsic back muscles attach?

Answer 8

Upper limb & pectoral girdle

Question 9

What is the function of the extrinsic back muscles?

Answer 9

Move the upper limb

Question 10

What are the main extrinsic back muscles?

Answer 10

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major & minor

Question 11

What is the function of intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 11

Maintain back posture

Move the spine

Question 12

What are the two min groups of intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 12

Erector spinae (superficial) 
Transversospinalis (deep)

Question 13

Strain of which muscle is likely to cause low back pain?

Answer 13

Erector spinae

Question 14

Which ligament connects adjacent laminae posterior to the spinal cord?

Answer 14

Ligamentum flavum

Question 15

Which ligament is narrow and weak but prevents over-flexion of the spine?

Answer 15

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 16

Which broad, strong ligament prevents over-extension of the spine?

Answer 16

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 17

Which vertebral level is the first palpable spinous process?

Answer 17

C7

Question 18

Where is anaesthetic injected into incausal anaesthesia?

Answer 18

Sacral hiatus ( to anaesthetise sacral spinal nerve roots fo the cauda equina)

Question 19

At what level does the spinal cord end?

Answer 19

L2

Question 20

Why might a laminectomy be needed to relieve pressure on thespinal cord or nerve roots?

Answer 20

Tumour
Herniated disc
Bone hypertrophy

Question 21

Where is the somatosensory cortex found?

Answer 21

Post-central gyrus

Question 22

Where is the somatomotor cortex found?

Answer 22

Pre-central gyrus

Question 23

Which nerve innervated the anterior compartment of the arm?

Answer 23

Musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6,7)

Question 24

Where is the extracranial part of CN I?

Answer 24

Within the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity

Question 25

Which foramnia doesCN I pass through?

Answer 25

Cribriformplate of the ethmoid bone

Question 26

Where do olfactory nerves synapse?

Answer 26

Olfactory bulb

Question 27

What foramina does CN II pass through/

Answer 27

Optic canal

Question 28

Where does CN III connect with the CNS?

Answer 28

Midbrain

Question 29

Which foramen does CN III pass through?

Answer 29

Superior Orbital Fissure

Question 30

Which foramen does CN IV pass through?

Answer 30

Superior orbital fissure

Question 31

What does CN IV supply?

Answer 31

The superior oblique muscle

Question 32

Where does CN VI connect with the CS?

Answer 32

Pontomedullary junction

Question 33

Which foramen does CN VI pass through?

Answer 33

Superior orbital fissure

Question 34

What foramen does the vestibulocochlear nerve pass through?

Answer 34

Internal acoustic meatus

Question 35

Where does CN XI connect with the CNS?

Answer 35

Cervical spinal cord

Question 36

Which foramen does CN XI pass through?

Answer 36

Jugular foramen

Question 37

How do you clinically test CN IX?

Answer 37

Shrug shoulders | Turn head to flex neck on both sides

Question 38

Where doesthe hypoglossal nerve connect with the CNS?

Answer 38

Via many rootlets lateral to the pyramids of the medulla oblongata

Question 39

Which foramen does CN XII exit through?

Answer 39

Hypoglossal canal

Question 40

How do you test CN XII?

Answer 40

Ask patient to stick tongue out - tongue goes towards side of nerve injury

Question 41

Which division of the trigeminal nerve carries both sensory & motor fibres?

Answer 41

CN V3

Question 42

What are the 3 pairs of jaw closing muscles?

Answer 42

Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid

Question 43

What is the only pair of jaw opening muscles?

Answer 43

Lateral pterygoid

Question 44

What is the chorda tymani a branch of and what does it supply?

Answer 44

Branch of CN VII - supplies taste buds of the anterior 2/3rds of tongue

Question 45

What movements of the face allow testing of motor function of CN VII?

Answer 45

Raise eyebrows Close eyes tightly Smile Puff out cheeks and hold air

Question 46

What is the parasympathetic nerve supply of the parotid glad?

Answer 46

CN IX

Question 47

How can CN IX be tested?

Answer 47

Gag reflex

Question 48

What nerve supplies general & special sensory to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

Answer 48

CN IX

Question 49

What does the vagus nerve run within in the neck?

Answer 49

Carotid sheath

Question 50

Where does the LEFT recurrent laryngeal pass?

Answer 50

Off the vagus and curves under the arch of the aorta

Question 51

Where does the RIGHT recurrent laryngeal pass?

Answer 51

Under the right subclavian artery

Question 52

Does the uvula move towards or away from the affected side?

Answer 52

Away from non-functioning side

Question 53

What are the layers of the scalp?

Answer 53

``` S =Skin C = Connective tissue A = Aponeurosis L = Loose connective tissue P = Pericranium ```

Question 54

Why are sutures in the skull good in fractures?

Answer 54

Minimise propagation to prevent skull fractures from spreading

Question 55

Which artery courses over the deep aspect of the pterion?

Answer 55

Middle meningeal artery

Question 56

What is the falx cerebri?

Answer 56

A midline structure made of dura mater that attaches to the deep aspect of the skull and separates the left & right hemispheres

Question 57

Where is the circle of willis found?

Answer 57

Inferior to the midbrain, closely related to the pituitary stalk and optic chiasm within the subarachnoid space

Question 58

How is CSF reabsorbed?

Answer 58

Into the durl venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations

Question 59

Where is CSF produced?

Answer 59

Choroid plexus of the ventricles

Question 60

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 60

Excessive production,obstruction to flow or inadequate reabsorption leads to increased CSF volume

Question 61

How is hydrocephalus treated?

Answer 61

Ventricular peritoneal shunt

Question 62

Where does an extradural haemorrhage occur?

Answer 62

Between the bone & the dura

Question 63

Which artery is damaged in an extradural haemorrhage?

Answer 63

Ruptured middle meningeal artery

Question 64

What sort of injury could cause an extradural haemorrhage?

Answer 64

Trauma to the pterion

Question 65

Where is the bleed in a subdural haemorrhage?

Answer 65

Between dura & arachnoid?

Question 66

What structure indamaged in subdural haemorrhage?

Answer 66

Torn cerebral veins

Question 67

What type of injury can cause a subdural haemorrhage?

Answer 67

Falls in the elderly

Question 68

What structure tends to be damaged in subarachnoid haemorrhage?

Answer 68

Ruptured Circle of Willis ("Berry" aneursym)

Question 69

What tends to be the cause of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

Answer 69

Congenital aneurysm

Question 70

What is a very dangerous complication of an epidural anaesthesia & LP?

Answer 70

Damage to extradural venous plexus resulting in an epidural haematoma compressing the spinal cord or cauda equina

Question 71

In what cases should an LP not be performed?

Answer 71

Raised ICP