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Neuromuscular boards Prep > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Gray matter

A

Consists of unmyelinated neurons and contains capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies and dendrites

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2
Q

White matter

A

Consists of myelinated axons and contains nerve fibers without dendrites

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3
Q

Forebrain (prosencephalon)

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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4
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala

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5
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, sub thalamus, epithalamus

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6
Q

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

A

Tectum and tegmentum

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7
Q

Tectum

A

Superior and inferior colliculi

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8
Q

Tegmentum

A

Cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantia Nigra, red nucleus

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9
Q

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

A

Metencephalon, myelenceophalon

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10
Q

Metencephalon

A

Cerebellum, pons

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11
Q

Myelenceophalon

A

Medulla oblongata

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12
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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13
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Prepares body for emergency response

Norepinephrine

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14
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Conserving and restoring energy

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

Limbic system

A

Made up of: corpus callosum, olfactory tract, mammillary bodies, fornix, thalamus nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamic nuclei
Involved in the control and expression of mood and emotion, processing and storage of recent memory, olfaction, control of appetite, and emotional responses to food
Lesions can result in aggression, extreme fearfulness, altered sexual behavior and changes in motivation

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16
Q

Inter hemispheric fissure (medial longitudinal)

A

Separates two cerebral hemispheres

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17
Q

Sylvian fissure (lateral)

A

Anterior portion separates the temporal and frontal lobes

Posterior portion separates temporal and parietal lobes

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18
Q

Central sulcus (sulcus of Rolando)

A

Separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally

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19
Q

Parietal occipital sulcus

A

Separates parietal and occipital lobes medially

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20
Q

Calcarine sulcus

A

Separates occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves

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21
Q

Left hemisphere

A 
Language
Sequence and perform movements
Understand language
Produce written and spoken language
Analytical/Controlled
Logical/rational
Mathmatical calculations
Express positive emotions such as love and happiness
Process verbally codes information in an organized, logical and sequential manner
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22
Q

Right hemisphere

A 
Nonverbal processing
Process info in holistic manner
Artistic abilities
General concept comprehension
Hand eye coordination
Spatial relationships
Kinesthetic awareness
Understand music
Understand nonverbal communication 
Mathematical reasoning 
Express negative emotions
Body image awareness
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23
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

Voluntary movement (primary motor cortex and pre central gyrus)
Intellect and orientation
Broca’s area (typically left): speech, concentration
Personality, temper, judgement, reasoning, behavior, self awareness, executive functions

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24
Q

Frontal lobe impairment

A 
Contra lateral weakness
Perseveration, Inattention
Personality changes, antisocial behavior
Impaired concentration, apathy
Brocas aphasia (expressive)
Delayed or poor initiation
Emotional lability
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25
Parietal function
Associates with sensation of touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration, and temperature Receives info from other areas of brain regarding hearing, vision, motor, sensory and memory Provides meaning for objects Interprets language and words Spatial and visual perception
26
Parietal lobe impairment
Dominant hemisphere: typically left: agraphia, alexia, agnosia Non dominant hemisphere: typically right: dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia Contra lateral sensory deficits Impaired language comprehension Impaired taste
27
Temporal function
``` Primary auditory processing and olfaction Wernickes area (typically left): ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and General memory, assists with understanding language Rear of temporal lobe enables humans to interpret other people's emotions and reactions ```
28
Temporal lobe impairment
``` Learning deficits Wernickes aphasia: receptive Antisocial, aggressive behaviors Difficulty with facial recognition Difficulty with memory, memory loss Inability to categorize objects ```
29
Occipital lobe function
Main processing center for visual information Processes visual information regarding colors, light and shapes Judgement of distance, seeing in three dimensions
30
Occipital lobe impairment
Homonymous hemianopsia Impaired extra ocular muscle movement and visual deficits Impaired color recognition Reading and writing impairment Cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement
31
Hippocampus
Deeply embedded in temporal lobe Forms and stores new memories of ones personal history and other declarative memory Learning language Sends memories to appropriate areas of hemispheres for long term storage and retrieves when needed
32
Basal ganglia
Gray matter masses deep within white matter of cerebrum Includes caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia Nigra, subthalamaic nuclei Responsible for voluntary movement, regulation of autonomic movement, posture, muscle tone and control of motor responses Disorders linked: Parkinson's, huntingtons, Tourette's, ADD, OCD and addiction
33
Amygdala
Small almond shaped nuclei in temporal lobes of each hemisphere. Emotional and social processing. Involved with fear and pleasure responses, arousal, processing of memory, and formation of emotional memories
34
Thalamus
Relay or processing station for majority of info going to cerebral cortex Coordinates sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord
35
Hypothalamus
Receives and integrates info from autonomic nervous system, assists in regulating hormones. Controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and sleeping. Regulates body temperature, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and other vital activities.
36
Sub thalamus
Primarily represented by the subthalamaic nucleus. Regulates movements produced by the skeletal muscles. Has association with basal ganglia and substantia Nigra
37
Epithalamus
Pineal gland Secretes melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythms, internal clock, selected regulation of motor pathways and emotions. Associated with limb if system and basal ganglia
38
Pons
Regulation of respiration rate and orientation of head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli. Cranial nerves 5-8 originate from the pons
39
Medulla oblongata
Influences autonomic nervous activity and regulation of respiration and heart rate. Reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, and sneezing Somatic sensory info from internal organs and for control of arousal and sleep Cranial nerves 9-12 originate here
40
Axon
Projection of nerve away from cell body that conducts impulses
41
Dendrite
Extension of cell body that received signals from other neurons
42
Endoneurium
Innermost covering of a peripheral nerve that surrounds each individual axon
43
Epineurium
Outermost covering of peripheral nerve that surrounds entire nerve and provides buffer for peripheral nerve
44
Motor unit
Single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates
45
Myelin
Proteins and lipids that form to create a sheath around particular nerves, increases conductivity of nerve impulse
46
Nerve conduction velocity
Measures speed of a nerve impulse along axon of a nerve
47
Neurons
Nerve cells that receive and send signals to other nerve cells. Comprised of cell body, axon and dendrites
48
Nodes of ranvier
Brief gaps in myelination of an axon, serves to facilitate rapid conduction of a nerve impulse via jumping from gap node to gap node
49
Perineurium
Middle layer of covering surrounding peripheral nerve that envelopes fascicles or groups of axons and maintains blood nerve barrier
50
Saltatory conduction
Action potential moving along an axon in a jumping fashion from node to node; decreases use of sodium potassium pumps and increases speed of conduction
51
Schwann cell
Cells that cover nerve fibers within peripheral nervous system and form myelin sheath
52
A fibers
- large fibers, myelinated, high conduction rate | - alpha beta, gamma, delta subsets
53
Alpha fibers
Alpha motor neurons, ms spindles primary endings, Golgi tendon organs, touch
54
Beta fibers
Touch, kinesthesia, ms spindle 2' endings
55
Gamma fibers
Touch, pressure, gamma motor neurons
56
Delta fibers
Pain, touch, pressure, temperature
57
Ms spindle (primary afferent endings)
Primary for low-threshold stretch
58
Ms spindle (2' afferent endings)
Receptors that respond to changes in length
59
Golgi tendon organ
Responds to tension/stretch of tendon
60
B fibers
Medium fibers, myelinated, reasonably fast conduction rate, pre-ganglionic fibers of autonomic system
61
C fibers
Small fibers, poorly myelinated or un-myelinated; slow conduction rate; post-ganglionic fibers of SNS; exteroceptors for pain, temp, & touch

Neuromuscular boards Prep (12 decks)

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