Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Are cranial nerves part of the peripheral or central nervous system?

Answer 1

peripheral nervous system

Question 2

What information do the ventral and dorsal roots of spinal nerves carry?

Answer 2

Ventral roots: motor information (efferent fibers)

Dorsal roots: sensory information (afferent fibers)

Question 3

What are the two times of ganglia?

Answer 3

1. Sensory (dorsal root) ganglia

2. Autonomic ganglia

Question 4

What 2 things does the Somatic Nervous System control?

Answer 4

1. peripheral sensory fibers

2. motor nerve fibers

Question 5

Lesions to what are of the brain can result in aggression, extreme fearfullness, altered sexual behavior, and changes in motivation?

Answer 5

Limbic system

Question 6

Disorders like constipation, erectile dysfunction, Horner’s syndrome, vasovagal syncope, orthostatic hypotension, and postural tachycardia syndrome are examples of disorders of what system?

Answer 6

Autonomic nervous system

Question 7

What are the 3 major components of the brain?

Answer 7

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

Question 8

What are the components of the Forebrain?

Answer 8

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Question 9

What is the largest division of the brain and consists of the cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and amygdala?

Answer 9

Telencephalon

Question 10

What hemsiphere is responsible for language, analytics, mathematical calculations, and logic?

Answer 10

Left hemisphere

Question 11

What hemisphere is responsible for nonverbal processing, artristic abilities, spatial relationships, and expressing negative emotions?

Answer 11

right hemisphere

Question 12

Where is broca’s area located?

Answer 12

left frontal lobe typically

Question 13

Damage to what hemisphere can lead to anosognosia? (lack of insight into illness)

Answer 13

Parietal non-dominant hemisphere (usually right hemisphere)

Question 14

Damage to what hemisphere can lead to agraphia (inability to write), alexia (inability to read), and agnosia (inability to interpret sensory input AKA recognize things)?

Answer 14

Parietal dominant hemisphere

Question 15

Wernickes area is typically loacated where?

Answer 15

Left hemisphere of temporal lobe

Question 16

What lobe is the hippocampus in?

Answer 16

temporal

Question 17

What structure is located adjacent to the hippocampus and is responsible for emotional and social processing?

Answer 17

amygdala

Question 18

What area of the brain is beneath the cerebral hemispheres and contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, and epithalamus? Area where major motor and sensory tracts synapse?

Answer 18

Diencephalon

Question 19

What is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out skilled movements and gestures, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform them.results from dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, especially the parietal lobe, and can arise from many diseases or damage to the brain

Answer 19

Apraxia (“dyspraxia” if mild)

Question 20

What structure is a relay or processing station for the majority of information that goes to the cerebral cortex?

Answer 20

Thalamus

Question 21

What structure recieves and integrates information from the autonomic nervous system and assists in regulating hormones? Located below the thalamus at the base of the diencephalon

Answer 21

hypothalamus

Question 22

What structure is located in the diencephalon and is important for regulating movemetns produced by skeletal muscles?

Answer 22

subthalamus

Question 23

What is primarily represented by the pineal gland and secretes melatonin?

Answer 23

Epithalamus

Question 24

What serves as the connection between the forebrain and hindbrain?

Answer 24

Midbrain

Question 25

What is a reflex center for visual, auditory, and tactile responses?

Answer 25

midbrain

Question 26

What are the 3 components of the hindbrain?

Answer 26

Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 27

Damage to what area may produce ataxia, nystagmus, tremor, hypermetria, poor coordination,and deficits in postural reflexes, balance, and equilibrium?

Answer 27

Cerebellum

Question 28

What are of the brain regulates respiration rate and is assoicated with the orientation of the head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli?

Answer 28

Pons

Question 29

What 2 cranial nerves originate from the Pons?

Answer 29

V and VIII

Question 30

What 4 cranial nerves originate from the medulla oblongata?

Answer 30

IX, X, XI, XII

Question 31

What 2 pairs of arterties form the Circle of Willis?

Answer 31

two internal carotid arteries Two vertebral arteries

Question 32

Issues with the Anterior cerebral artery could lead to involvement of which motor and sensory areas of the body?

Answer 32

contralateral lower extremity and sensory involvement

Question 33

Damage to what artery can lead to behavioral inhibition, neglect, sphasia, apraxia, agraphia, perseveration, and akinetic mutism (tend not to move or speak)?

Answer 33

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Question 34

What supplies the anterior frontal lobe and medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes?

Answer 34

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Question 35

What areas of sensation and motor function are lost with a middle cerebral artery infarct?

Answer 35

contralateral face and upper extremity

Question 36

An infarct to which artery would result in contralateral pain and temperature sensory loss, contralateral hemiplegia, ataxia, thalamic pain syndrome, anomia,hemibalismus alexia, and visual agnosia?

Answer 36

posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Question 37

What artery supplies the cerebellum, medulla, pons, midbrain, and thalamus?

Answer 37

vertebral-basilar artery

Question 38

Infarct to what area can produce Wernicke's or Broca's aphasia?

Answer 38

middle cerebral aphasia

Question 39

What artery damage could produce thalamic pain syndrome and cortical blindness?

Answer 39

Posterior cerebral artery

Question 40

Damage to what artery can lead to locked in syndrome, coma, or wallenberg syndrome?

Answer 40

Vertebral-basilar artery

Question 41

What condition is characterized by ipsilateral facial pain and temperature impairment, ipsilateral ataxia, vertigo, contralateral pain and temperature impairment of the body secondary to lateral medullary infarct?

Answer 41

Wallenberg Syndrome

Question 42

what are the 3 layers of the meninges form the outer to innermost layer?

Answer 42

Dura mater Arachnoid Pia

Question 43

Brudzinski's sign (flexion of neck facilitates flexion of hips and knees) and Kernig's sign (pain with hip flexion combined with knee extension) are indicative of what MEDICAL EMERGENCY?

Answer 43

Meningitis

Question 44

What is the area between teh skull and outer dura matera and the area between the dura mater and periosteum of the vertebrae?

Answer 44

epidural space

Question 45

What is the are between teh arachnoid and pia mater that contains CSF and circulatory stystem for the cerbral cortex?

Answer 45

Subarachnoid space

Question 46

What is syringomyelia?

Answer 46

excess CSF in spinal cord

Question 47

Where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 47

at conus medullaris between the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae

Question 48

Where do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves originate?

Answer 48

sympathetic: lateral horn of thoracic spinal cord parasympathetic: lateral gray matter of sacral level of spinal cord

Question 49

What is a breif gap in myelination of an axon to faciliate rapid conduction of a nerve?

Answer 49

nodes of ranvier

Question 50

What are peripheral nerve fibers are large, myelinated, a nd have a high conduction rate?

Answer 50

A fibers

Question 51

What are 4 types of A fibers in the peripheral nervous sytem?

Answer 51

Alpha Beta Gamma Delta

Question 52

What peripheral nerve fibers are medium, myelinated nadn are preganglionic fibers of the autonomic system?

Answer 52

B fibers

Question 53

What peripheral nerve fibers are small, unmyelinated, slow, and postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system?

Answer 53

C fibers