Neuroanatomy Flashcards
(292 cards)
1
Q
The spinal cord comes from the neural tube which develops from what embryological tissue that is under the influence of Sonic Hedgehog?
A
Ectoderm
2
Q
When is folic acid the most important during embryological development?
A
1st trimester for neurulation
3
Q
When is the neural plate formed?
A
3rd week of gestation
4
Q
Sensory neurons in the dorsal horn grey matter are differentiated from which embryological tissue?
A
Alar plates
5
Q
Motor neurons in the ventral horn grey matter are differentiated from which embryological tissue?
A
basal plates
6
Q
What cells line the central canal that create CSF?
A
Ependymal cells
7
Q
Neural crest cells give rise to what structures?
A
DRG, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, macroglia, meninges (arachnoid/pia), enteric ganglia, Schwann cells, Sympathetic ganglia
8
Q
Microglia and the dura mater are derived from what embryological tissue?
A
Mesoderm
9
Q
Where does the spinal cord end and begin?
A
Foramen magnum - L1/2 in adult
10
Q
Regional enlargements of the spinal cord?
A
C6, lumbosacral regions for brachial and lumbosacral plexus
11
Q
The dilated end of the spinal cord is called?
A
Conus medullaris
12
Q
The nerves that leave the end of the spinal cord are known as?
A
Cauda eqina
13
Q
What meningeal layer contains the CSF?
A
Arachnoid with the CSF beneath the subarachnoid space
14
Q
What anchors the pia mater?
A
filum terminale and dentate ligaments
15
Q
Where does the dural sac end?
A
S2
16
Q
Filum terminale internum extends from?
A
Conus medullaris to end of dural sac @S2
17
Q
Filum terminale externum extends from?
A
Thin layer of dura and ext to coccyx as coccygeal ligament
18
Q
How many segments does the spinal cord have?
A
31 segments
19
Q
The dura and arachnoid are continuous with what coating around pinal nerves?
A
Epineurium
20
Q
What are the three bundles of funiculi in the white matter?
A
Posterior, anterior, lateral
21
Q
The posterior/dorsal column tracts carry?
A
Vibration, 2-pt discrimination, proprioception
22
Q
Axons from the lower limb carrying Vibration, 2-pt discrimination, proprioception synapse where?
A
Nucleus gracilis in the medulla
23
Q
Axons from the upper limb carrying Vibration, 2-pt discrimination, proprioception synapse where?
A
Nucleus cuneatus in the medulla
24
Q
In the anterolateral system contains which pathways and what information do they carry?
A
Lateral spinothalamic (Pain and temperature) Ventral spinothalamic (Crude touch and pressure) Spinoreticular (mediating autonomic responses to nociception) Spinotectal (Role in activating eye movements in response to tactile stimuli)
25
What are the descending tracts and what function do they have?
Lateral corticospinal: voluntary control of muscles in the limbs
Ventral Corticospinal: Voluntary control of the muscles in the head, neck and trunk
Rubrospinal: excites proximal flexors and inhibits extensors in upper limb
Reticulospinal: Restricts voluntary movements through the gamme motor neurons
Tectospinal: coordinates head and eye turning in respone to visual input
Vestibulospinal: involved in postural reflexes (neck muscles, extensors of back and limbs)
Raphespinal: inhibits nociception by releasing serotonin and acts on the C fibers
26
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Dorsal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
2nd order neuron?
Decussation?
3rd order neuron?
```
```
Ascending
Mechanoreceptors, vibration and fine touch
Nuclei gracilis and cuneatus
Medulla
VPL nucleus of thalamus
```
27
```
Spinothalamic :
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
2nd order neuron?
Decussation?
3rd order neuron?
```
Ascending
Nociceptors, thermoreceptors, crude touch and pressure receptors
Lamina I/II in dorsal horn of grey matter
Spinal Cord
VPL nucleus of thalamus
28
```
Dorsal Spinocerebellar:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
2nd order neuron?
Decussation?
3rd order neuron?
```
Ascending
Unconcious proprioception from the ipsilateral lower limb
Clarke's/dorsal nucleus in thoracic region
Remains ipsilateral
Cerebellum via inf cerebellar peduncle
29
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Ventral Spinocerebellar column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
2nd order neuron?
Decussation?
3rd order neuron?
```
Ascending
Unconscious proprioception from both lower and upper limb
Lamina VII
2x: spinal cord and pons
Cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncle
30
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Rubrospinal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
```
Descending
Red nucleus
Midbrain
Laminae V-VIII
31
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Tectospinal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
```
Descending
Tectum of midbrain
Midbrain
Lamina VI and VIII
32
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Lateral corticospinal AKA pyramidal tract column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
```
Descending
Pre-central gyrus
Medulla
Laminae IV-IX
33
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Ventral corticospinal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
```
Descending
Pre-central gyrus
Spinal cord @level of exit
Laminae VI-IX (pyramidal cells mostly V)
34
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Reticulospinal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
```
Descending
Reticular formation
Various levels
Laminae VIII
35
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Vestibulospinal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
```
Descending
Vestibular nuclei
Uncrossed
Laminae VI, VIII
36
```
Raphespinal column:
Ascending or descending?
1st order neuron?
Decussation?
2nd order neuron?
```
Descending
Raphe nucleus
Uncrosed
Laminae I, II, V
37
The intermediolateral horn is found where? Carries what?
T1-L2, Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
38
Lamina I lies underneath what structure?
Dorsolateral fasiculus (of Lissauer)
39
What does Lamina I contain?
neurons which synapse with 1st order neurons and send axons to spinothalamic tracts on opposite side
40
Lamina II/Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando has small neurons that respond to what noxious stimuli carried by C fibers?
Substance P (lots in Lamina I and II)
41
Lamina III and IV are jointed together and known as?
Nucleus proprius
42
Lamina III and IV main input?
Fibers that carry proprioception and light touch
43
Lamina V contain neurons that respond to?
Noxious and visceral afferent stimuli
44
Lamina VI is the deepest layer in which horn?
Dorsal horn
45
Lamina VI receives what type of input?
Mechanical signals from skin and joints
46
Lamina VII contains what nuclei?
Dorsal/Clarke's nucleus and intermediolateral horn/nucleus
47
What segments is Clarke's column present?
T6-L1
48
What information is carried in Clarke's column?
Unconscious proprioception from the legs via dorsal spinocerebellar tract
49
Laminae VIII contains neurons with what information?
Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts
50
Lamina IX contains alpha motor neurons which go to? Gamma motor neurons which go to?
Extrafusal skeletal musces
| Intrafusal fibers in the muscle spindles
51
Lamina X is the small area of grey matter around the spinal cord and is known as the?
Grey commissure
52
Segmental spinal arteries give rise to?
Radicular and segmental medullary arteries
53
Segemental medullary arteries feed into?
Anterior spinal and posterior spinal arteries
54
The vertebral arteries come from what?
Anterior artery, posterior spinal arteries
55
The large radicular A aka Great Radicular A (of Adamkiewicz) supplies? and comes from where?
Lower 1/2-2/3 of the spinal cord
| L side of lower posterior intercostal or upper lumbar A
56
Anterior spinal A supplies?
~ant 2/3 of the spinal cord
57
Two combined posterior spinal A supply?
Post 1/3 of the C
58
```
Upper motor neuron lesion:
Reflex
Tone
Atrophy
Fasiculations
Babinski sign
```
```
Increased w/clonus
Spastic (inc)
Absent
absent
Present (upgoing toe)
```
59
```
Lower motor neuron lesion:
Reflex
Tone
Atrophy
Fasiculations
Babinski sign
```
```
Decreased or absent
Flaccid (dec tone)
Present
Present
Absent (down going tone)
```
60
Rostral end of the neural tube develops what embryological day?
21
61
Rostral end of the neural tube closes what embryological day?
25
62
1st vesicle of the notochord (prosencephalon/forebrain) develops into secondary vesicles which develop into?
Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles) --> diencephalon (thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamic nuclei)
63
2nd vesicle of the notochord (mesencephalon/midbrain) becomes?
The midbrain
64
3rd vesicle of the notochord is the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) which further develops into?
Metencephalon --> pons and cerebellum
| Myelencephalon --> medulla
65
What are the three types of macroglia?
Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells
66
Astrocyte function
BBB (no fenestrations except in hypothalamus and area postrema)
67
Ependymal cell function
Line ventricle and make CSF
68
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
produce myelin in CNS and PNS respectively
69
Microglia cells are derives from what?
mesoderm
70
Commissural fibers are found in what CNS structures?
Anterior and posterior commissures, corpus callosum
71
White commissural fibers in the spinal cord for tracts do or do not decussate?
They do
72
White Association fibers connect one part w/another on the same hemisphere - which senses use these?
Visual and auditory
73
White projection fibers from brain to spinal cord or vice versa are found in?
Corticospinal tract
74
The anterior communicating artery connects what other arteries in the circle of Willis?
2 anterior cerebral arteries of the internal carotids
75
The posterior communicating artery connects what other arteries in the circle of Willis?
Internal carotid A to posterior cerebral A which is a terminal br of the basilar A
76
The middle cerebral A is or is not a part of the circle of Willis?
Is not
77
What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
medial aspect of cerebral hemisphere up to parieto-occipital fissure motor (4), sensory (3, 1, 2) areas related to the trunk and lower limbs
78
What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
Occipital lobe (Broadmann areas 17, 18, 19), inferior portion of temporal lobe, midbrain, thalamus
79
What does the middle cerebral artery supply?
Broca's area (Brodmann area 44, 45) and motor and sensory control areas of the face and upper limbs, upper temporal lobe and Wernicke's are (Brodmann Area 22)
80
What does the superior cerebellar artery supply?
superior cerebellum
81
What does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?
anterior inferior cerebellum
82
What does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?
Posterior inferior part of the cerebellum
83
What does the Basilar artery supply?
pons which contains nuclei for CN V, VI, VII,VIII
84
What does the vertebral artery supply?
Medulla and nuclei of CN IX, X, XI, XII
85
How does CO2 regulate levels of blood supply to the brain?
Causes vasodilation to increase blood supply
86
The neurons of CN I in the cribriform plate contain what type of cell in the olfactory mucosa?
Specialized sensory bipolar neurons
87
The cribriform plate is part of what bone?
Ethmoid
88
CN I specialized sensory bipolar neurons with synapse with what cells in the olfactory bulb?
Mitral cells
89
Where do mitral cells end?
In the primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe
90
How is smell linked with memory?
Shared connections between the primary olfactory cortex and the hippocampus
91
How is smell linked with emotions??
The primary olfactory cortex shares connections with the limbic system
92
Which sensory cranial N is not linked to the thalamus before termination of tract?
CN I
93
Where are rods and cones located?
Back of the eye in the retina
94
Visual impulses are sent to the optic nerve via axons of which cells?
ganglion cells
95
Where do the optic nerves X?
Optic chiasm
96
The optic chiasm lies above what structure?
The pituitary gland/fossa
97
Which fibers X in the optic chiasm?
Fibers carrying information from the nasal/temporal field of vision
98
Damage at the optic chiasm will present with?
Bitemporal hemianopia
99
Fibers from the optic nerve synapse in what part of the thalamus?
Lateral geniculate body
100
CN II that continue from the thalamus do so as the? to where?
Geniculocalcarine tract (optic radiation), 1o visual cortex
101
Damage to the geniculocalcarine tract (optic radiation) will present as?
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
102
Where is the 1o visual cortex located?
Occipital lobe on either side of the calcarine fissure (Brodmann Area 17)
103
Damage to the 1o visual cortex presents as?
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia w/macular sparing
104
What muscles does CN III supply?
superior rectus (up), inferior rectus (down), medial rectus (in), inferior oblique (up/out)
105
The oculomotor N carries parasympathetic fibers to what muscle and body via the ciliary ganglion from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain?
Circular iris mucle
| Ciliary body
106
CN IV supplies what muscle and what does that muscle do?
Superior oblique turns eye down and out
107
How do you test CN IV?
Ask pt to look in and down
108
What is the only CN to exit the brainstem dorsally?
CN IV (trochlear)
109
CN VI innervates what muscle and what does it do?
Lateral rectus - abducts eye
110
Two nuclei of the trigeminal N and what they fibers they hold?
```
Large sensory - general somatic afferent fibers
Small motor (special visceral efferent fibers)
```
111
The motor nucleus of the trigeminal N lies where? Supplies what muscles?
Pons
Muscles of mastication: Temporalis, Internal/medial pterygoid, masseter, external/lateral pterygoid and mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
112
The mesencephalic nucleus of the sensory trigeminal nucleus is located where and carries what information?
Midbrain
| Proprioception
113
The Main/principal nucleus of the sensory trigeminal nucleus is located where and carries what information?
Pons
| Touch
114
The Spinal nucleus of the sensory trigeminal nucleus is located where and carries what information?
Medulla-->upper cervical segments of the SC
| Pain and temperature
115
What are the three divisions of CN V?
CN V1: ophthalmic
CN V2: Maxillary
CN V3: Mandibular
116
CN V1 gives rise to what branches that pass through the superior orbital foramen?
NFL: nasociliary, frontal, lacrimal
117
CN V2 gives rise to what branches that pass through the foramen rotundum?
PINZ: Pharyngeal, infraorbital, nasopalatine, zygomatic
118
CN V3 gives rise to what branches that pass through the foramen ovale?
N to medial pterygoid
Anterior division: deep temporal N (motor), N to lateral pterygoid (motor), N to masseter (motor), Buccal N (sensory)
Posterior division: lingual, inferior alveolar, auriculotemporal (sensory), muscular br to mylohyoid (motor)
119
The ciliary ganglion is attached to the ophthalmic division of CN V (nasociliary N) which receives what fibers?
Parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus via CN III
120
The pterygopalatine ganglion is attached to the maxillary division of CN V which receives?
parasympathetic fibers from the Superior Salivary nucleus via CN VII
121
The otic ganglion is attached to the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of CN V which receives?
Parasympathetic fibers from the Inferior Salivary Nucleus via CN IX
122
The submandibular ganglion is attached to the lingual br of the posterior division of the mandibular division of CN V which receives?
Paraympathetic fibers from the superior salivary nucleus via CN VII
123
What are the four nuclei of CN VII and what fibers do they hold?
Motor (nucleus of the pons): special visceral efferent fibers
Ordinary sensation (Sensory nucleus of the trigeminal N): general somatic afferents
Parasympathetic (superior salivary nucleus): general visceral efferent fibers
Taste (solitary tract nucleus): special visceral afferent fibers
124
Where is the motor nucleus of CN VII located?
Pons
125
Where does CN VII leave the brain stem?
Pontomedullary angle
126
Where does CN VII enter the skull?
Internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone
127
Where does CN VII leave the skull?
Stylomastoid foramen in the temporal bone
128
CN VII carries motor fibers to the muscles of facial expression via what branches?
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
| Ten zebras broke my car
129
T/F CN VII also innervates the stapedius muscle in the middle ear and the intrinsic muscles of the ear and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle
F CN VII also innervates the stapedius muscle in the middle ear and the EXTRINSIC muscles of the ear and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle
130
CN VII conveys taste to what part of the tongue?
Anterior 2/3
131
CN VII coneys taste via what neural pathway?
Chorda tympani and nervus intermedius to nucleus tractus solitarius
132
Chorda tympani also carries parasympathetic innervation from the superior salivary nucleus to the submandibular and sblingual salivary glands via ?
Submandibular ganglion of CN V3
133
Chorda tympani also carries parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland via?
Pterygopalatine ganglion of CN V2
134
Taste and parasympathetic fibers are carried by the chorda tympani which connects the facial N to?
Lingual br of CN V3
135
Where is the taste of sweet found in the tongue and what CN carries it?
Tip of tongue
| CN VII
136
Where is the taste of salt found in the tongue and what CN carries it?
Sides of tongue
| CN VII
137
Where is the taste of bitter and sour found in the tongue and what CN carries it?
Posterior 1/3
| CN IX
138
The facial N carries a few general sensory afferent fibers from the skin of the external ear canal Via?
Auricular br of CN X (goes to trigeminal sensory nucleus before crossing to VPM nucleus of thalamus)
139
Cochlear fibers of CN VIII arise from?
Bipolar spiral ganglion cells of the cochlea from organs of Corti in the inner ear
140
How do cochlear fibers of CN VIII reach the lateral aspect of the medulla?
Traverse internal auditory meatus
141
Where do the cochlear fibers of CN VIII terminate and go onto from there?
Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in medulla and X to opposite side to end in trapezoid body to inferior colliculus to medigal geniculate body of thalamus, to 1o auditory cortex in middle of the superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann area 22)
142
Vestibular fibers of CN VIII arise from what structures that respond to what types of accelertion?
Semicircular canals (angular acc), utricle and saccule (linear acc) in inner ear
143
Vestibular fiber pathway of CN VIII?
Enter medulla medial to cochlear division, vestibular nuclei in floor of 4th ventricle, pass to cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle
144
What do the efferent fibers ending in the hair cells in the organ of Corti of CN VIII do?
Modulate stiffness of hair cells to attenuate large sounds
145
What muscle does CN IX supply with motor fibers from what nucleus?
Stylopharngeus, nucleus ambiguus
146
CN IX gives sensation to what part of the tongue? Taste? To which nuclei?
Posterior 1/3 sensory nucleus of CN V and nucleus solitarius (in medulla)
147
CN IX carries parasympathetic to what gland via what pathway?
Parotid gland
| Otic ganglion of CN V3 from inferior salivary nucleus in medulla
148
Where does CN IX leave the skull?
Jugular foramen
149
The carotid br of CN IX runs along the internal carotid to supply the carotid body with? And the carotid sinus with?
Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors
150
What type of fibers does CN X carry?
Specialized visceral efferent from nucleus ambiguus (branchomotor), generalized visceral efferent from dorsal motor nucleus of CN X (visceromotor), general somatic afferent related to spinal nucleus CN V(sensory), general visceral afferent from solitary nucleus (sensory), special vvisceral afferent from base of tongue to solitary nucleus (taste)
151
Where does CN X leave the brain stem?
Groove btw olive and cerebellum
152
Where does CN X leave the skull?
Jugular foramen
153
The tympanic br of CN X enters the middle ear to form what?
tympanic plexus
154
Below the jugular foramen CN x passes between what muscles?
Superior and middle constrictors
155
The terminal branches of CN X supply?
Root of tongue, tonsils, muscles, mucosa of pharynx
156
CN X carries parasympathetic fibers to the thorax and abdomen as far as?
Transverse colon
157
What type of fibers does CN X carry FROM the abdomen and thorax?
Sensory
158
Where does the cranial part of CN XI come from?
Nucleus ambiguus
159
Where does the spinal part of CN XI originate from?
C1-5 spinal nuclei
160
Where does the cranial part of CN XI leave the skull?
Jugular foramen
161
The cranial part of CN XI leaves the jugular foramen to join the vagus N to supply muscle of what?
Palate, pharynx and larynx
162
Where does the spinal part of CN XI enter the skull?
Foramen magnum
163
What muscle does the spinal part of CN XI pierce and supply?
SCM and trapezius
164
CN XII supplies all muscles of the tongue except?
Palatoglossus (pharyngeal plexus of the vagus)
165
Where does CN XII originate in the brainstem?
Groove btw pyramid and olive in medulla
166
Where does CN XII exit the skull?
Hypoglossal foramen in the occipital bone
167
CN XII descends btw what blood vessels before looping upward to supply the tongue?
Internal carotid A and internal jugular V
168
Branchomeric muscles from pharyngeal arch I?
CN V: muscles of mastication, tenor veli palatini, tensor tympani, ant belly of digastric
169
Branchomeric muscles from pharyngeal arch 2?
CN VII: muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, stapedius, posterior belly of digastric
170
Branchomeric muscles from pharyngeal arch 3?
CN IX: stylopharyngeus
171
Branchomeric muscles from pharyngeal arch 4?
CN X: muscles of the pharynx and larynx
172
The anterior limb of the internal capsule contains what structures?
Caudate, Lentiform nucleus
173
The posterior limb of the internal capsule lies between what structures?
lentiform nucleus and thalamus
174
The basal ganglia is made up of what structures?
Globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus
175
The basal ganglia control?
Complex patterns of voluntary motor behaviour
176
The internal capsule anterior limb carries what fibers?
Thalamocortical (sensory from below the head)
177
The internal capsule posterior limb carries what fibers?
Corticospinal tract (motor to below the head), auditory and visual association and thalamocortical
178
The internal capsule genu (bend) carries what fibers?
Corticobulbar fibers (motor fibers to the head)
179
Blood supply to the anterior limb of the internal capsule?
Anterior and middle cerebral A
180
Blood supply to the genu limb of the internal capsule?
Middle cerebral A
181
Blood supply to the posterior limb of the internal capsule?
Middle cerebral and anterior choroidal A from internal carotid A
182
The ventral posterolateral nucleus receives what input?
Neck down
183
The ventral posteromedial nucleus receives what input?
head
184
The lateral geniculate body receives what input?
Visual input to superior colliculus
185
The medial geniculate body receives what input?
Auditory input to inferior colliculus
186
The lentiform nucleus is made up of?
Putamen, globus pallidus externa and interna
187
The Corpus striatum is made up of?
Caudate and putamen
188
The R/L cerebellar hemispheres are joined by what?
The vermis
189
The 3 layers to the cerebellar cortex are?
Outer molecular, middle purkinje, inner granular
190
The three types of fibers in the cerebellum are?
parallel, mossy, climbing (clinging)
191
The 3 cerebellar peduncles and what goes through them?
Superior: out to cerebral cortex via midbrain and thalamus
Middle: input from cortex via pons w/cortico-ponto-cerebellar fiber
Inferior: minor input from body via medulla carrying dorsal spinocerebellar tract
192
The three cerebellar lobes and their function:
Anterior paleo/spinocerebellum: balance of arms and legs
Posterior neo/cerebrocerebellum: receives info from the cortex
Flocculonodular archi/vestibulocerebellum:balance of the trunk
193
The three main nuclei of the cerebellum from medial to lateral and what information they hold?
Fastigial nucleus - spine
Interposed - globose - proximal joints + emboliform - middle joints
Dentate - distal joints
194
The three cerebellar arteries and where they came from?
Superior cerebellar from Basilar
Anterior inferior from Basilar
Posterior inferior from Vertebral
195
BBB is made up of three structures what are they?
Processes of astrocytes, tight junctions btw non-fenestrated capillary endothelial cells and the basement membrane
196
What can freely cross the BBB?
oxygen, CO2, glucose, amino acids (lipid soluble substances)
197
Can bacteria X the BBB?
No
198
Fenestrated capillaries w/o the BBB exist in what three areas of the brain?
area postrema, neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) and pineal gland
199
The vertebral A is derived from which A?
Subclavian A
200
Where does Part 1 of the vertebral A occur?
Btw Subclavian A to the Transverse foramen of C6 behind the carotid tubercle
201
What does Part 1 of the vertebral A pass between 2 muscles?
Longus coli and anterior scalene
202
Where does Part 2 of the vertebral A occur?
Lies in the transverse foramen of C6 to C1
203
Part 2 of the vertebral A is relatively fixed at which location?
C2 and C1
204
Part 2 of the vertebral A is accompanied by?
Vertebral V and sympathetic N
205
Part 3 of the vertebral A occurs between?
C1 and the foramen magnum
206
Which part of the vertebral is most prone to dissection?
Part 3
207
Part 3 of the vertebral A follows what pathway?
Passes behind lateral mass of C1, lie on posterior arch passes beneath posterior atlanto-occipital membrane to turn upward to pass through foramen magnum
208
Where is part 4 of the vertebral A?
Above foramen magnum, forward anterior to medulla, ends @lower pons by joining with other Vertebral A to form the basilar A
209
Branches of the vertebral A?
cervical, anterior spinal, posterior spinal, posterior inferior cerbellar, medullary
210
Middle cerebral A insufficiency syndrome symptoms?
Contralateral paralysis (Broadmann area 4 - precentral gyrus), aphasia (Broca's area/Brodmann area 45 and 44), sensory loss (anterior limb of internal capsule), motor loss (posterior limb of internal capsule)
211
PICA/Wallenberg/lateral medullary syndrome symptoms?
dysphagia, ataxia, ipsilateral Horner's syndrome, ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature in the face, contralateral loss of pain and temperature of the body
212
Medial medullary syndrome is occlusion of what artery? With what symptoms?
Vertebral A
| contralateral spastic hemiplegia, loss of touch, vibration and pressure
213
Clause's syndrome is occlusion of what? Symptoms?
blood supply to dorsal midbrain
| Ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral ataxia and tremor
214
Weber/medial midbrain syndrome is occlusion of? Symptoms?
Perforating br of posterior cerebral A
| Contralateral spastic paralysis w/ipsilateral CN III weakness
215
CSF is produced by?
Choroid plexus in lateral ventricles
216
Flow of CSF?
Lateral ventricle through interventricular foramina of Monro to 3rd ventricle through cerebral queduct of Sylvius to 4th ventricle through lateral foramina of Luschka and median foramen of Magendie
217
Where is the cisterna magna?
Btw the medulla and cerebellum
218
Where is the pontine cistern?
Below the pons
219
Where is the interpeduncular cistern?
Btw cerebral peduncles
220
Where is the chiasmatic cistern?
Below the optic chiasm
221
Where is the lumbar cistern?
In the lumbar and sacral region
222
CSF drains into? Which open into what sinus?
Arachnoid granulations
| Superior sagittal sinus
223
Where is the superior sagittal sinus found?
Falx cerebri
224
Where does the superior sagittal sinus drain?
R transverse sinus
225
Where is the right transverse sinus?
In the tentorium cerebelli
226
Inferior sagittal sinus is where?
Falx cerebri
227
What vein drains into the inferior sagittal sinus?
Great cerebral V of Galen
228
The inferior sagittal sinus drains into?
The Straight sinus
229
The straight sinus drains into?
The L transverse sinus
230
Sometimes the superior sagittal and straight sinuses join to form?
Confluence of sinuses
231
The transverse sinuses become the?
Sigmoid sinuses
232
What drains into the simoid sinus?
superior petrosal sinus
233
The sigmoid sinus exits the skull through what opening? What does it become?
Jugular foramen
| Internal jugular vein
234
The inferior petrosal sinus exits the skull through?
Jugular foramen
235
What does the inferior petrosal sinus drain into?
Superior bulb of the internal jugular V
236
T/F Intercavernous sinuses link the cavernous sinuses on either side of the sella turcica
T
237
Pharyngeal arch 6 gives rise to what CN and what does it supply?
CN X muscles of the larynx
238
Sympathetic division of the ANS originates in what nuclei?
Posterior nulcei in hypothalamus
239
Preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division of the ANS are derived from?
Intermediolateral horn of SC T1-L2
240
Associated ganglia of the sympathetic division of the ANS are located where in the spine?
Paravertebral
241
Preganglionic vs postganglionic characteristics of the sympathetic division of the ANS??
Pre: Short, myelinated, white fibers
Post: long, unmyelinated, grey
242
Long preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division of the ANS synapse where?
Cardiac plexus (T1-4 ganglia)
Greater splanchnic N (T5-9 ganglia to celiac ganglion)
Lesser splanchnic N (T10/11 to superior mesenteric ganglion)
Least splanchnic N (T12 to aortico-renal ganglion)
Inferior hypogastric (L1/2)
243
Preganglionic ympathetic fibers from T1/2 ascend in trunk to synapse where?
Inferioir, middle, sympathetic ganglia
244
The neurotransmitter in the sympathetic system is what? Except in sweat glands? What about the sympathetic ganglia?
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine --> nicotinic receptor
245
Parasympathetic division of the ANS originates in what nuclei?
nuclei in anterior hypothalamus
246
Parasympathetic information is carries by which nerves?
CN III, VII, IX, X
| S2, 3, 4
247
T/F the parasympathetic division of the ANS has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers
F the preganglionic fibers are long because the ganglia are closer to end organs
248
What neurotransmitter is released in the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Acetylcholine
249
Ciliary ganglion (CN III) located where? Attached to what N? Distributes information too?
In orbit
Nasociliary br of CN V1
Sphincter pupillae muscle and ciliary mucles
250
Pterygopalatine ganglion (CN VII) located where? Attached to what N? Distributes information too?
In pterygopalatine fossa
Trunk of CN V2
Lacrial, nasal, palatine glands
251
Submandibular ganglion (CN VII) located where? Attached to what N? Distributes information too?
On hypoglossl muscle
Lingual br of CN V3
On submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
252
Otic ganglion (CN IX) located where? Attached to what N? Distributes information too?
Foramen ovale, auriculotemporal br of CN V3
| Parotid gland
253
Which tissues receive only sympathetic innervation?
Arrector pili, blood vessels, sweat glands
254
Which tissues receive only parasympathetic innervation?
Bronchial glands
255
Salivary gland:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Reduce secretions
Mucarinic ACh receptor
Stimulate secretion
256
Pupil size:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Dilates pupil (radial constriction)
alpha adrenergic
Constricts pupil
257
Ciliary muscle:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Relaxes for far vision
Alpha adrenergic
Contracts for near vision
258
Gut muscle:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Inhibits
alpha adrenergic
Stimulates
259
Sphincters: Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Contract
Alpha adrenergic
Relaxes
260
Sex Organs:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Causes ejaculation
Alpha adrenergic
Causes erection/engorgement
261
Cardiac muscle:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Increase rate and F
B-1 adrenergic
Slows heart rate
262
Coronary Vessels:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Causes vasodilation
B-2 adrenergic
Causes vasoconstriction
263
Bronchial muscle:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Relax - bronchodilation
B-2 adrenergic
Bronchoconstriction
264
Bladder wall:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Relax
B-2 adrenergic
Contracts
265
Bronchial gland:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
none
Muscarinic Ach receptor
stimulates secretions
266
Sweat gland:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Inc sweat production
| Muscarinic Ach receptor
267
Blood vessels:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Cause vasoconstriction
| Alpha adrenergic
268
Hair muscles:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Contracts arrector pili
| alpha adrenergic
269
Skeletal blood vessels:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Vasodilation
| B-2 adrenergic
270
Adrenal medulla:
Sympathetic innervation does what?
Receptor?
Parasympathetic innervation does what?
Stimulates secretions
| Nicotinic Ach receptor
271
Alpha adrenergic receptors cause contraction in what tisue?
Smooth muscle
272
B adrenergic receptors found in the heart are what type?
Beta 2
273
B adrenergic receptors found in the fat are what type?
Beta 3
274
What is the function of Beta 1 adrenergic receptors?
Increase in heart rate and force of contraction
275
What is the function of Beta 2 adrenergic receptors?
Relaxation of smooth muscle
276
Where is the myenteric plexus of Auerbach found?
Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers
277
What is the function of the Myenteric plexus of Auerbach?
Regulates motility of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers
278
Alpha adrenergic receptors cause contraction in what tisue?
Smooth muscle
279
B adrenergic receptors found in the heart are what type?
Beta 2
280
B adrenergic receptors found in the fat are what type?
Beta 3
281
What is the function of Beta 1 adrenergic receptors?
Increase in heart rate and force of contraction
282
Pressure on the carotid sinus in the neck results in a reflex which slows the heart rate and causes a drop in blood pressure ... what type of reflex is this? What nerves mediate this reflex?
Viscerovisceral reflex
| Reflex is mediated by CN IX (afferent) and sympathetic N to heart (efferent)
283
Where is the myenteric plexus of Auerbach found?
Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers
284
What is the function of the Myenteric plexus of Auerbach?
Regulates motility of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers
285
Where is the submucosal plexus of Meissner?
Under the mucosa
286
What is the purpose of the submucosal plexus of Meissner?
Regulates secretion of intestines
287
Nociception from the esophagus to the splenic flexure is carried by?
Sympathetic fibers
288
Afferent parasympathetic fibers carry nociception to what parts of the GI tract and male genitourinary tract?
Splenic flexure to rectum, bladder and prostate
289
Pressure on the carotid sinus in the neck results in a reflex which slows the heart rate and causes a drop in blood pressure ... what type of reflex is this? What nerves mediate this reflex?
Viscerovisceral reflex
| Reflex is mediated by CN IX (afferent) and sympathetic N to heart (efferent)
290
Hering-Breuer reflex is inflation of lung triggers diaphragm to reflex mediated by vagus (afferent) and phrenic (efferent) nerves. What type of reflex is this?
Viscerosomatic reflex
291
Inflammation of the gallbladder causes spasm of paravertebral muscles in region of T9 myotome (infrascapular muscles). What type of reflex is this?
Viscerosomatic
292
Paraspinal muscle spasm by internal disc disruption causing spinal nerve root irritation which results in visceral dysfunction. What type of reflex is this?
Somatovisceral reflex
