Skull, Scalp, Face Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Asterion?
A
Point where temporal, occipital, and parietal bones meet
2
Q
Bregma?
A
Meeting of frontal and parietal bones
3
Q
When does the anterior fontanelle close?
A
By the first 18 months of life
4
Q
Glabella
A
This is the smooth tranverse ridges connecting the supraorbital ridges
5
Q
Inion:
A
highest point on EOP
6
Q
Lambda:
A
Meeting point of the occiput and parietals
7
Q
When does the posterior fontanelle close?
A
By the 2-3rd month of life
8
Q
Nasion:
A
Center of the frontonasal suture between the frontal and nasal bones
9
Q
Pterion:
A
Where frontal, sphenoid, parietal, and temporal bones meet
10
Q
Vertex
A
Highest point on skull in the sagittal plane
11
Q
Basion:
A
Middle of the anterior aspect of the foramen magnum
12
Q
Opisthion:
A
Middle of posterior aspect of the foramen magnum
13
Q
What are the layers of the scalp?
A
Skin, closed connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium
14
Q
In which layer of the scalp do you find blood vessels and nerves?
A
Closed connective tissue
15
Q
What makes up the aponeurosis of the scalp?
A
Flattened tendon of the occiptofrontalis muscle
16
Q
Innervation of the scalp?
A
Branches of CN V, C2 and C3
17
Q
Blood supply of the scalp?
A
Branches of the external carotid A
18
Q
Foramen cecum bones? Contents?
A
Frontal and ethmoid
Nasal emissary V
19
Q
Anterior/posterior ethmoidal bones? Contents?
A
Ethmoid
A/P ethmoidal N/A/Vs
20
Q
Cribriform foramina bones? Contents?
A
Ethmoid Olfactory Ns (CN I)
21
Q
Optic canal bones? Contents?
A
Sphenoid Optic N (CN II) and ophthalmic A
22
Q
Superior orbital fissure bones? Contents?
A
Sphenoid
CN III, IV, V1, VI, ophthalmic V
23
Q
Foramen rotundum bones? Contents?
A
Sphenoid
CN V2
24
Q
Foramen ovale bones? Contents?
A
Sphenoid
CN V3, accessory meningeal A/V
25
Foramen spinosum bones? Contents?
Sphenoid
| Recurrent meningeal br of CN V3, middle meningeal A and V
26
Foramen lacerum bones? Contents?
sphenoid and temporal
| Internal carotid A, venous plexus, sympathetic N passing horizontally
27
Internal acoustic meatus bones? Contents?
Temporal
| CN VII, VIII, nervus intermedius and labyrinthine A
28
Jugular foramen bones? Contents?
Temporal/occipital
| CN IX, X, XI, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses and posterior meningeal A
29
Hypoglossal foramen bones? Contents?
Occipital
| CN XII
30
Foramen magnum bones? Contents?
Occipital
| Medulla, vertebral and spinal A, spinal part of CN XI
31
All facial expression muscles are derived from what embryological tissue from what arch?
Mesoderm of the 2nd branchial arch
32
Levator palpebrae superioris is innervated by?
Sympathetic fibers from the stellate ganglion
33
How to differentiate between a stroke (upper motor neuron lesion of CN VII) and Bells palsy (lower motor neuron lesion of CN VII)?
Pt can wrinkle forehead with stroke because of frontalis being innervated from both sides but not able to wrinkle forehead in bells palsy
34
3 layers of the eye?
Sclera, choroid, retina
35
Anterior part of the sclera is transparent and called the?
Cornea
36
Choroid layer of the eye contains?
Blood vessels
37
Which is the photosensitive layer of the eye?
Retina
38
The pigmented iris separates what chambers that contain aqueous humor?
Anterior and posterior chambers
39
What attached to the lens secretes aqueous humor?
Ciliary body
40
Where does the aqueous humor drain?
Scleral venous sinus @cornea-scleral junction
41
Blockage of the scleral venous sinus/canal of Schlemm will result in what pathology?
Glaucoma
42
What is the oval yellow pot in the retina lateral to the optic disc?
Macula lutea
43
Where is the highest concentration of cones
Fovea centralis
44
Where are there no receptors in the retina?
Optic disc
45
The lens is attached to the ciliary body via what ligament?
Suspensory ligament of the lens
46
Contraction of the ciliary body is done through what type of stimulation?
Parasympathetic
47
Contraction of the ciliary body relaxes the tension on the suspensory ligament of the lens causing it to thicken to?
Focus on near objects
48
Relaxation of the ciliary muscles allows for the lens to thicken to?
Focus on near objects
49
Sympathetic stimulation causes contraction of the radial iris muscle resulting in pupillary?
Dilation
50
Parasympathetic stimulation causes contraction of obicularis iris resulting in?
Constriction
51
Eternal ear consists of what structures?
Pinna and external ear canal
52
The tympanic membrane separates what two structures?
External and middle ear
53
What bones amplify sound in the middle ear?
Malleus, incus, stapes
54
The malleus is attached to what structure?
Tympanic membrane
55
The stapes lies on what structure?
Oval window
56
Function of the:
Cochlea?
Semicircular canals, utricle, saccule?
Hearing
| Balance
57
Where is endolymph found in the cochlea?
Scala media
58
Where does the cochlea pick up vibration?
Sacla vestibuli and tympani
59
Where is mechanical sound vibration turned into electrical impulses?
Tectorial membrane (outer hair cells)
60
The utricle contains what that detets linear acceleration?
Otoliths/statoconia
61
The saccule with its otoliths detects?
Linear acceleration in the vertical plane
62
The semicircular canals are oriented vertically 90o to each monitor and monitor movement in what planes?
Sagittal - back and forth
Coronal - L/R bend
Vertical - rtn
63
Four extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus
64
Pharyngeal arch 1 bone and cartilage?
Mandible, malleus, incus
| Meckel's cartilage
65
Pharyngeal arch 2 bone and cartilage?
Stapes, styloid process, small horn and superior hyoid bone
| Reichert's cartilage
66
Pharyngeal arch 3 bone and cartilage?
Greater horn and inferior hyoid
| No cartilage
67
Pharyngeal arch 4 bone and cartilage?
No bone
| Thyroid and cricoid cartilage
68
Pharyngeal arch 6 bone and cartilage?
No bone
| Arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform cartilages
69
All muscles of the tongue are supplied by hypoglossal EXCEPT palatoglossus which is supplied by?
Pharyngeal plexus of vagus
70
All muscles of the palate are supplied by the pharyngeal plexus of the vagus EXCEPT tensor veli palatini which is supplied by?
Mandibular division of the trigeminal N
71
All muscles of the larynx are supplied by recurrent laryngeal N of Vagus EXCEPT cricothyroid which is supplied by?
Superior laryngeal br of CN X
72
Posterior cricoarytenoid does what to the vocal cords?
Abducts
73
Cricothyroid does what to the vocal cords?
Tenses
74
Thyroarytenoid does what to the vocal cords?
Relaxes
75
Vocalis does what to the vocal cords?
Relax posterior part
| Tighten anterior part
76
The frontal sinus lies where?
Frontal bone above and between orbits
77
The frontal sinus drains into?
Hiatus semilunaris in middle meatus of nasal cavity
78
The ethmoid sinus lies between?
The orbits: posterior, middle, anterior
79
The ethmoid sinus drains into?
Superior (posterior) and middle (middle and anterior) meatus
80
The maxillary sinus drains into?
Hiatus semilunaris of middle meatus
81
The sphenoid sinus lies where?
sphenoid below pituitary fossa
82
The sphenoid drains into?
the spenoethmoidal recess above the superior concha
83
The cervical plexus is derived from?
Ventral rami C1-4
84
C1 ventral rami supply what muscles?
Geniohyoid and thyrohyoid
85
Ansa cervicalis comes from?
C1, 2, 3
86
Ansa cervicalis supplies what muscles?
Sternothyroid, sternohyoid, superior and inferior bellies of omohyoid
87
What makes of the great auricular N and what does it supply?
C2/3 ventral rami
| Most of the ear
88
Lesser occipital nerve comes from? Supplies what?
Ventral rami C2/3
| skin over back of head to vertex
89
Greater occipital N comes from? Supplies what?
C2 dorsal rami over lower part of back of head
90
Transverse cervical N comes from? Supplies what?
Ventral rami C2 and 3
| Supplies skin over anterior cervical triangle
91
Supraclavicular N comes from? Supplies what?
Ventral rami C3/4
| Skin over clavicle
92
Brachial plexus is derived from?
C5, 6, 7, 8, T1
93
Brachial plexus passes between what two muscles in the neck?
Anterior and medial scalene
94
The upper trunk of the brachial plexus comes from?
Middle trunk?
Lower trunk?
Where are they located?
C5/6
C7
C8/T1
Posterior cervical triangle
95
The trunks of the brachial plexus divide into A/P divisions where?
Behind the clavicle
96
The A + P divisions join to form 3 cords around the axillary A. What nerve roots do they come from?
Posterior
Lateral
Medial
C5, 6, 7, 8, T1
C5, 6, 7
C8, T1
97
Radial nerve origin? Supplies?
C5, 6, 7,8 T1
| Triceps, anconeus, brachioradialis, extensors of wrist, abductors of thumb, supinators
98
Median N origin? Supplies?
C5, 6, 7, 8, T1
Muscles of the forearm (except FCU, ulnar 1/2 flexor digitorum) and Lumbricals, opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis
99
Anterior interosseous branch of the median N innervates?
Flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus, radial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus
100
Ulnar N derived from? Supplies?
C8/T1
| Intrinsic muscles of hand except those supplied by median N
101
Musculocutaneous N is derived from? Supplies?
C5, 6, 7
| Biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis, skin of lateral forearm
102
Axillary N is derived from? Supplies?
C5/6
| Goes through quadrangular space to supply deltoid, teres minor plus skin over insertion of deltoid
103
Dorsal scapular N is derived from? Supplies?
C5
| Levator scap, rhomboid major and minor
104
Long thoracic N s derived from? Supplies?
C5, 6, 7
| Seratus anterior
105
Damage to the Long Thoracic N results in what pathology?
Winged scapula
106
Suprascapular N is derived from? Supplies?
C5, 6
| Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus
107
N to subclavius is derived from? Supplies?
C5
| Subclavius
108
What nerves come off the posterior cord and what are they derived from? Supplies?
Upper and lower subscapular C5, 6 (Subscapularis)
Lower subscapular N also supplies teres major
Thoracodorsal N (C6, 7, 8) supplies Latissimus dorsi
109
What nerves come off the medial cord and what are they derived from? Supplies?
Medial pectoral N C8/T1 Pectoralis minor and major
Medial brachial cutaneous N skin over medial arm
Madial antebrachial cutaneous N skin over medial forearm
110
What nerves come off the lateral cord and what are they derived from? Supplies?
Lateral pectoral N C5, 6, 7
| Pectoralis major
111
Damage to C5 and 6 roots causes what pathology?
Erb-Duchenne palsy - waiter's tip deformity (elbow extended, forearm pronated, fingers flexed)
112
Damage to C8 and T1 roots causes what pathology?
Klumpke's palsy - claw hand
113
Lumbar plexus is derived from?
Ventral rami L1-4
114
Lumbar plexus is formed within what muscle?
Psoas major
115
The nerves of the Lumbar plexus leave the lateral aspect of psoas major except for?
Genitofemoral - anteriorly
| Obturator - medially
116
Iliohypogastric N is derived from? Supplies?
Ventral rami L1
| Lower abdomen above inguinal region
117
Ilioinguinal N is derived from? Supplies?
Ventral rami L1
| Supplies inguinal region
118
Genitofemoral N is derived from? Supplies?
Ventral rami L1/2
| Medial upper thigh, anterior scrotum, cremasteric muscle
119
Lateral femoral N is derived from? Supplies?
Ventral rami L2, 3
| Anterolateral aspect of the thigh
120
Femoral N is derived from? Supplies?
Ventral rami L2, 3, 4 posterior divisions
| Supplies extensor thigh compartment
121
Obturator N is derived from? Supplies?
Ventral rami L2, 3, 4 anterior divisions
| Supplies adductor thigh compartment
122
What from the lumbar plexus contributes to the formation of the lumbosacral trunk?
Ventral rami L4 and 5
123
Lumbosacral plexus is derived from?
Ventral rami L4-S4
124
Which ramus is shared by both the lumbar and lumbosacral plexuses?
Ventral ramus L4
125
Sacral nerves exit which foramina in the sacrum to form the lumbosacral plexus?
Anterior sacral foramina
126
Where do you find the lumbosacral plexus?
In front of the piriformis
127
Superior gluteal N is derived from? Supplies?
Ventral rami L4, 5, S1
| Gluteus medius, minimus, TFL
128
Which foramen in the pelvis does the superior and inferior gluteal N cross through?
Greater sciatic foramen
129
Inferiorgluteal N is derived from? Supplies?
Ventral rami L5, S1, 2
| Gluteus maximus
130
Pudendal N is derived from? Supplies?
Ventral rami S2, 3, 4
| External anal sphincter, deep and superficial perineal muscles, penis, clitoris, posterior scrotum, labia
131
Sciatic N is derived from? Supplies?
Ventral rami L4-S3
Muscles in posterior thigh and all muscle below the knee, skin below the knee except medial strip of leg from saphenous N
132
The sciatic N lies beneath what muscle?
Piriformis
133
What are the two parts of the sciatic N?
Tibial + Common peroneal/fibular N
134
Tibial N is derived from? Supplies?
Ventral rami L4-S3
Posterior compartment of leg and plantar aspect of foot, skin over posterior leg and plantar aspect of foot via medial and lateral plantar br and supplies flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, abductor hallucis and 1st lumbrical and everything else is lateral in sole of foot
135
Common peroneal/fibular N is derived from? Supplies (with br)?
Ventral rami L4-S2
Superficial - fibularis longus/brevis, skin of dorsum of foot except web btw 1st/2nd toe
Deep: Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis/digitorum longus, peroneus tertius, skin of web space btw 1/2 toes
136
Deep fibular/peroneal N passes through what muscle and doesn't supply it?
Peroneus/fibularis longus
137
What structures pass through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis? Below?
Above: superior gluteal N/A/V
Below: pudendal, inferioir gluteal N/A/V
138
What structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?
Pudenal N, internal pudendal A, V, N to obturator internus, tendon of obturator internus
139
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Spinal N's dermatome, muscle, reflex:
C5
C6
C7
C8
```
Shoulder, deltoid (abduct shoulder), biceps brachii
lateral forearm to thumb, biceps brachii (flex elbow), brachioradialis
Middle finger, triceps (extend elbow), triceps
Little finger to medial forearm, flexor digitorum
140
```
Spinal N's dermatome, muscle, reflex:
T1
T2
T7
T10
T12
```
```
Medial elbow, palmer interossei no reflex
Axilla - -
Xiphoid
Umbilicus
Suprapubic
```
141
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Spinal N's dermatome, muscle, reflex:
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
```
Inguinal
Anterior thigh, iliopsoas, -
Lateral thigh, quadriceps femoris (ext knee), patellar
Medial leg, medial big toe, tibialis anterior (heel walk) patellar
Dorsum of foot, extensor hallucis longus, hamstring
Lateral foot, peroneus longus (toe walk), ankle
