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MSc Head and Neck > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name given to the combined arachnoid and pia mater?

A

leptomeninx

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2
Q

Where is the cisterns magna?

A

Cerebromedullary cistern- between the inferior surface of the cerebellum and the pons

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3
Q

Which key structure is located in the interpeduncular cistern?

A

Optic chiasm

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4
Q

Which sinuses are related to the falx cerebri?

A

Superior sagital sinus (attached margin)

Inferior sagital sinus (free margin)

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5
Q

Which sinus is related to the falx cerebelli?

A

Occipital sinus

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6
Q

Which sinuses are related to the tentorium cerebelli?

A 
Straight sinus (midline- attachment to falx cerebelli)
Transverse sinuses (posterolateral)
Superior petrosal sinuses (anterolateral)
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7
Q

What can cause cavernous sinus thrombosis, what are the symptoms?

A

Complications in child birth, blood clotting disorders and ear infection. Causes acute orbital pain and inflammation of contents- opthalmoplegia, ptosis and numbness

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8
Q

What are the names of the 3 subdivisions of the inferior frontal gyrus

A 
Pars orbitalis (ant)
(ant horizontal ramus)
Pars triangularis
(ant ascending ramus)
Pars opercularis (post)
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9
Q

In the gyri bordering which structure would you find the primary visual centres

A

Calcarine sulcus

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10
Q

What happens when the corpus callosum is damaged?

A

split brain patterns (used to be treatment for chronic epilepsy) two halves of the brain are autonomous- visual to the right doesn’t have verbal response in dominant left. (so information to the left visual field such as objects or words can’t be named), Destruction of the splenium causes alexia without agraphsia- can write and speak but can’t understand written word- loss of connection between visual processing in left and verbal in right.

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11
Q

What structures run in the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule?

A

Auditory and visual radiation fibres from the geniculate nuclei

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12
Q

Archi-cerebellum

A

Vestibulo-cerebellum
Flocculo nodular lobe ==> Fastigual nuclei
Maintenance of balance
Input: Vestibular nuclei (mossy)
Output: Vestibular nuclei and reticular formation (to vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts)

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13
Q

Paleo-cerebellum

A

Spinocerebellum
Vermis and paravermis ==> Globose and embiform nuclei
Regulation of muscle tone
Input: Dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar (inf and sup cerebellar peduncles)
Output: Red nucleus (rubrospinal tract)

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14
Q

Neo-cerebellum

A

Pontocerebellum
Lateral aspects of the cerebellar hemisphere ==> dentate nucleus
Muscular coordination (orientation)
Input==> Pontine nuclei contralateral (middle cerebellar peduncles)
Output ==> Contralateral red nucleus and VLN of thalamus (rubrospinal)

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15
Q

Cerebellar lesion in the posterior lobe (neocerebellar) give 2 causes and 2 symptoms (Also middle cerebellar peduncle)

A 
Causes:
Vascular
Tumours 
Neurodegenerative 
Symptoms: DANISH
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16
Q

Ant lobe lesion=gait and limb ataxia give 2 causes and 2 symptoms

A

Causes:
Alcohol, malnutrition
Symptoms:
Drunken gait, Head tremor

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17
Q

Midline (paleocerebellar) lesion give 1 cause and 2 symptoms

A

Cause:
Medulloblastoma in 4th ventricle- affects vestibular nuclei
Symptoms:
Falling toward affected side, may involve eyemovements (ie nystagmus)

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18
Q

2 areas of CSF obstruction and the cause:

A
  1. In the ventricular system- tumours

2. In the subarachnoid space- Adhesions-after meningitis/head injury

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19
Q

Symptoms of hydrocephaly

A

Headaches, unsteadiness and mental impairment (also might develop papilloeadema)
In children: Head circumference, dysfunction of sutures

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20
Q

What is Bickers-Adams syndrome?

A

stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct

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21
Q

What forms the internal arcuate fibres?

A

The decussation of the DCML tracts

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22
Q

What is the function of the inferior olivary nucleus?

A

Relays information on action from the frontal and parietal (motor and sensory) cortices of the brain to the cerebellum.

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23
Q

What nuclei inhabit rexed lamina I-III

A

Substansia gelatinosa

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24
Q

What nuclei are contained in rexed lamina VII?- what level are they visible

A

VII, C8-L3- synapse for 2nd order neurons of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract

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25
In which rexed lamina do the majority of motor efferents synapse
Rexed lamina IX
26
What would be the symptoms of a ASA occlusion
It would affect the ant horn and the ventral roots of the SC leading to a flacid paralysis of the muscles at that level. If it affects the pyramidal tracts could lead to UMN below the level
27
What would be the symptoms of a PSA occlusion
1/2 will be affected at the post horn of the SC and the dorsal funiculus. Loss of proprioception, vibration and pressure
28
Where can you see the lat horn of the SC?
In the cervical and lumbar enlargements (contains the preganglionic symp fibres)
29
At what spinal levels would you find the cervical enlargement?
C4-T1
30
At what spinal levels would you find the lumbar enlargement?
L1-S3
31
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? (list number for each level)
``` 31 total 8 C 12 T 5 L 4 S 1 Co ```
32
At what level does the SC end in a child compared to an adult?
Child: L3 Adult: L1/2
33
What level do the meninges reach
S2
34
What does the prosencephalon develop into at week 6/7?
Telencephalon (cerebrum) and diancephalon (thalamus, epithalamus...)
35
What does the mesencephalon develop into at week 6/7?
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
36
What does the Rhombencephalon develop into at week 6/7?
Metencephalon (cerebellum and pons) and myelencephalon (MO)
37
``` What are the cavities of: Telencephalon Diancephalon Mescencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon ```
``` Telencephalon- lat ventricle Diancephalon- 3rd ventricle Mescencephalon- Cerebral aqueduct Metencephalon- 4th Ventricle Myelencephalon- Central canal ```
38
When does neuralation begin and end?
days 21 and 28
39
Describe the most common forms of damage to the Spinal nerves
Spondylosis - degeneration on the VB | IV disc prolapse-
40
From which artery (and part) do the lenticulostriate arteries originate?
MCA (M1-sphenoidal part) (they supply the basal ganglia and lentiform nucleus)
41
Which areas does the ant choroidal A supply?
Central white and grey- hippocampus, GP and int capsule...
42
Which cranial nerve passes close to the AICA?
CN VI (Abducens)
43
Which CN passes between the SCA and PCA?
CN III (Occulomotor)
44
What are the symptoms of an ACA occlusion?
Loss of contralateral sensation and motor to lower limb, can also get bladder weakness!
45
What are the symptoms of a MCA occlusion?
Loss of contralateral sensation and motor to upper limb and face Can damage broca's area- can't produce speech or wernickes area- can't comprehend speech.
46
What are the symptoms of a PCA occlusion?
Homonymous hemianopia- loose temporal and nasal fields on affected side. (macular sparing)- can also get contralateral sensory loss
47
What are the symptoms of a basilar artery occlusion?
Locked in syndrome- bilateral loss of CS tracts, Eye movement preserved, still alert and conscious.
48
What are the symptoms of a labyrinthine artery occlusion?
Acute sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus
49
What are the symptoms of an AICA occlusion?
Lateral pontine syndrome- CNVII- facial paralysis Vestibular nuclei- Vertigo and nystagmus Middle cerebellar loss- Poor coordination and muscle tone- might affect balance
50
What are the symptoms of a PICA occlusion?
``` Poor coordination, poor muscle tone, Loss of balance Vagal palsy (dysphagia-no gag reflex) Horners syndrome (ptosis, anhydrous and pupillary constriction) ```
51
Spina biffida occulta
Closed- no spinal process but contained within meninges (characteristic mole and tuft go hair but not necessarily symptomatic)
52
Closed spina bifida
Covered by skin but the dura protrudes out of the spine (NO VA) can lead to paralysis (MENINGOCELE)
53
Open spina bifida
Myelomeningocele- Open exposure of the SC- either partial or complete paralysis and can have bladder and bowel control loss
54
Give 3 complications of SB
``` Hydrocephaly Bladder control issues Neurogenic bladder Weight gain Faecal incontinence CVD Hydronephrosis Sexual disfunction ```
55
Neural tube develops into....
CNS: Brain and SC
56
Neural crest develops into...
Cranial: PS and S ganglia Trunk: DRG and S ganglia Vagal and Sacral NC: Enteric NS ganglia and PS ganglia Meninges- Mixed with mesoderm
57
What is herpes Zoster Virus's effect on the trigeminal nerve?
Leads to pain and a vesicular rash along the dermatomes of the branches of the trigeminal nerve
58
What is syringobulbia?
Affects the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Central cavitation of the medulla caudal into the 4th ventricle leads to prefrential destruction of the trigeminothalamic fibres (pain and temperature in the face!!)
59
What is the direct pathway?
Striatum inhibits the GPi which then decreases the usual inhibitory action that this has on the thalamus ==> Increased movement
60
What is the indirect pathway?
Striatum inhibits the GPe which inhibits the STN, this leads to stimulation of the GPi (the STN is usually held in check by the GPe) which inhibits the thalamus and therefore decreases stimulation of movement! (Decrease movement)
61
In which space would you find the maxillary bodies?
The interpeduncular cistern
62
Which parts of the ICA lie above the clinoid process?
CA 1+2
63
Which parts lie under the clinoid?
CA 3,4,5
64
Which part of the ICA has no branches?
The cervical part
65
Hepatolenticular degeneration (wilsons disease)- what is it and what does it cause
Inherited disease of copper metabolism, BG changes lead to choreoatheotosis (involuntary movements and writhing) and progressive dementia
66
Syndenhams chorea
Rheumatic fever in young females, immune reaction targeting BG leads to abnormal behaviour and generalised chorea (st vitus' dance)
67
Tardive dyskinesia is a side affect of which drug treatment?
Neuroleptic schizophrenic drugs, dopamine receptor antagonist
68
Which hypothalamic nuclei are key in the control of muscles related to temp maintenance (shivering)
Lateral area
69
Which hypothalamic nuclei have endocrine functions?
Paraventricular (oxytocin) | Supraoptic (vasopressin)
70
Which hypothalamic nuclei have para functions?
Pre-optic and anterior (close to olfactory bulb)
71
Which hypothalamic nuclei have symp functions?
Lateral and posterior nucleus
72
Which are involved in the sleep wake cycle- specific one for jet lag?
``` supra chiasmatic (visual input key in Jet lag) Lateral area ```
73
Which hypothalamic N are key in emotional control?
Lateral and medial area
74
Which nuclei are involved in temperature regulation
``` Anterior nucleus (sweat production) Shivering promotion (lateral area) Pre optic stimulates fever (targeted by aspirin to reduce fevers) ```
75
Which HTN are key in food and water intake?
Ventromedial and lateral area
76
Which CN are associated with the MO?
IX, X, XI, XII
77
What is the input and output of the olivary nucleus
Cortico olivary and rubroolivary- motor and sensory- efferent via the inferior peduncle to cerebellum ==> dentate nucleus
78
What forms charcot's triad?
Dysarthria, Nystagmus and Intention tremor
79
What are the symptoms of a thalamic lesion?
Loss of contralteral sensation to limbs and face swell as a discomfort of distressingly anaesthetic areas- thalamic pain syndrome
80
Which nucleus of the thalamus can be targeted to reduce basal ganglia and cerebellum symptoms?
Ventral lateral
81
What is the stria terminals
White matter tract running from the amygdala to the hypothalamus nucleus accumbent, olfactory tubercle.
82
What week do you find the primary brain vesicles (what are they?)
Week 5- prosecephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
83
What week do you find the Secondary brain vesicles (what are they?)
Week 7- Telencephalon, Diancephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelenocephalon
84
Alcohol abuse and thiamine deficiency ==> capillary haemorrhage of BG and upper midbrain
Wernickes encephalopathy. Partial recovery can occur but lasting damage remains as antergrade amnesia (korsakoffs.
85
Alzeihmers can affect which part of the olfactory pathway?
Uncus- can detect odours but not recognise them.
86
Give 2 causes of myopathies:
Polymyolitis- autoimmune Duchenne muscular dystrophy- male children X linked recessive- after 2/3 progressive weakness of the arms and legs wheel chair bound at 10
87
Which hypothalamic nuclei are involved in sexual behaviour and development?
Pre optic area Dorsomedial Ventromedial
88
What is associative agnosia- what causes it?
CO poisoning leads to damage of the inf longitudinal fasiculus leading to being unable to identify objects or faces

MSc Head and Neck (2 decks)

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