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MSc Head and Neck > Week 1-4 > Flashcards

Week 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which nerve travels with the superficial temporal vessels?

A

Auriculotemporal (branch V3 prt 1)

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2
Q

What are the primary nerve fibres located in the geniculate ganglion?

A

Taste efferent from the ant 2/3 of the tongue (Chorda tympani)

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3
Q

What is the relation of the subclavian vessels to the scalene muscles?

A

Subclavian vein passes ant to ant scalene, subclavian vein passes post to ant scalene and ant to mid scalene

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4
Q

Which nerve innervates levator veli palatini?

A

Vagus nerve (branch of the pharyngeal plexus)- makes sense as its a muscle of the soft palate

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5
Q

What are the branches of the facial artery- list in order (there are 7)

A
  1. Ascending palatine (pharyngeal wall and soft palate
  2. Tonsilar (Palatine tonsils)
  3. Submental (Oral floor, sub-mandib gland)
  4. Inferior labial
  5. Superior labial
  6. Lat. nasal
  7. Angular nasal
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6
Q

What is the relation of the phrenic nerve to the scalene muscles?

A

Runs down the ant border of the scalene muscle

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7
Q

What are the divisions of the ECA? (8)

A
  1. Sup thyroid (larynx and thyroid gland)
  2. Ascending pharyngeal (Plexus at base of skull ==> pharynx)
  3. Lingual (oral floor and tongue)
  4. Facial (superficial facial region)
  5. Occipital (occiput)
  6. Maxillary (muscles of mastication, palate, meninges nose…)
  7. Post. Auricular (ear)
  8. Transverse facial
  9. Superficial Temporal (temporal regions and ant ear)
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8
Q

Which nerve travels through the middle ear in the mucosal lining?

A

Chorda tympani (chronic OM can lead to loss of taste due to degenerative changes of this nerve)

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9
Q

Apart from through lumbar puncture how else can CSF be obtained?

A

Via the Cisterna magna

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10
Q

How does the chorda tympani leave the skull?

A

It passes through the petrotympanic fissure, then joins the lingual nerve

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11
Q

What is the inferior part of the pharyngeal constrictors called?

A

Cricopharyngeal part

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12
Q

What is the name of the recess on the post aspect of the tongue- before the larynx

A

vallecula

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13
Q

Where can both the lingual and inferior alveolar nerve be anaesthetised

A

Pterygomadibular space proximal to the mandibular foramen

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14
Q

Which nerve innervates palatoglossus

A

CNX

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15
Q

Which nerve innervates levator veil palitini?

A

CNX

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16
Q

What is the posterior nasal spine

A

Spine on the post aspect of the palatine bone, fros the attachment for the soft palate

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17
Q

What attaches to the scaphoid fossa

A

Tensor veli palitini

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18
Q

What are the attachments of the buccinator

A

Sup- alveolar process of maxilla
Inf- alveolar process of mandible
Post- Pterygomandibular raphe

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19
Q

Which 2 muscles have attachment to the pterygomandibular raphe?

A

Buccinator, Sup constrictor of pharynx

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20
Q

What structures enter the mouth through the oropharyngeal triangle (gap between the mylohyoid, middle and sup constrictor)?

A

Muscle- Styloglossus, hyoglossus
Vessels- Lingual artery and vein
Nerves- Lingual, hypglossal and glossopharyngeal
Glands- Submandibular gland also enters oral cavity through this triangle

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21
Q

What are the origins of levator veil palitini

A

Petrous part of the tympanic bone (and PT tube)

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22
Q

Which muscle is key in raising the eyebrows

A

Occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)

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23
Q

Which muscle is tested when asking patients to blow out their cheeks and resist pushing them in?

A

Buccinator

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24
Q

Which muscles allow you to pout?

A

Obicularis oris

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25
Which muscle allows you to scrunch your eyes tightly shut and resist them being pulled apart
Orbital part of the orbicularis oculi
26
Which part of the obicularis oculi is key for blinking
Palpebral part
27
Which muscles allow you to flair the nostrils?
Alar part of nasalis | levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
28
Which muscle is key in 'sticking out' the lower lip?
Mentalis
29
Which ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic supply to the parotid gland (which CN too?)?
Otic ganglion- Glossopharyngeal- travels with the auriculotemporal nerve
30
Parasympathetic fibres from the greater petrosal nerve reach the orbital cavity via which branch of the maxillary branch nerve
Zygomatic
31
Which pharyngeal muscle is innervated by CNIX?
Stylopharyngeus
32
Which muscle of the larynx is supplied by the external laryngeal branch of vagus
Cricothyroid
33
Which nerve supplies sensory to each of the following: Nasopharynx- Oropharynx- Layrngopharynx-
Nasopharynx- Pharyngeal branch of maxillary branch of CNV Oropharynx- CNIX via the pharyngeal plexus Layrngopharynx- CNX- internal branch of sup laryngeal to vocal a folds, then recurrent laryngeal is sensory below the vocal folds
34
What creates the rima glottidis?
The vocal folds
35
How is the retropharyngeal space different to the danger space?
Between the visceral (buccopharyngeal) and pre-vertebral fascia, there are 2 spaces divided by a thin alar fascia. The anterior space is the true retropharyngeal space, the posterior danger space (runs more post and all the way to connect with the post mediastinum= spread infection from neck to mediastinum)- no content minus loose connective tissue so bacteria can easily propagate through.
36
What are the origins of the: (all insert into the median raphe of the pharynx and innervated by CNX) Superior constrictor: Middle constrictor: Inferior constrictor:
Superior constrictor: hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe and mylohyoid line of mandible Middle constrictor: Stylohyoid ligament and horn of hyoid bone Inferior constrictor: Oblique line of cricoid and thyroid cartilages (split into to 2 sometimes- thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus)
37
Boundaries of the retropharyngeal space:
anterior margin: middle layer of the deep cervical fascia posterior margin: alar fascia (which separates the retropharyngeal space from the danger space) lateral margins: deep layer of the deep cervical fascia superior margin: clivus inferior margin: the point at which the alar fascia fuses with the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia, typically around the T4 vertebral body
38
What are the 3 layers forming the pharynx?
Outer: Buccopharyngeal fascia Middle: Muscular layer (circular and longitudinal) Inner: Mucous membrane
39
What is the common function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
They act to elevate the pharynx (or/and larynx) during the acts of swallowing and speaking
40
What is the unique function of the salpingopharyngeus?
It can act to open the eustachian tube and equalise pressure in the middle ear when swallowing
41
How does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve enter the larynx? (really helpful in identifying it in specimens)
It pierces the thryohyoid membrane
42
Which muscle is the key abductor of the arytenoid cartilage? (opening rima glottidis)
Post crico-arytenoid
43
Which muscles adduct the vocal cords?
Lateral cricoarytenoids and Transverse arytenoids
44
Which muscles adjust the tension of the vocal cords?
Vocalis- directly Circothryoid- indirectly by forward and downward movement of the thyroid cartialage- increases tension of the VC which extends between the vocal process of the arytenoid and the thyroid cartilage
45
What structures form the indents of the torus tubularis and torus levatorius in the nasopharynx?
Torus tubularis- PT tube | Torus levatorius- Levator veli palitini
46
What are the functions of palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus?
Palatopharyngeus- elevates the larynx and pharynx (can also tense soft palate) (CNX) Palatoglossus- Elevates the tongue (CNX)
47
Where is the oral vestibule located?
Between the lip and alveolar process
48
Where are the lingual tonsils located on the tongue?
Post to the terminal sulcus
49
Which 5 structures form the nasal septum?
``` Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Vomer Nasal crest of the maxilla Nasal crest of the palatine bone ```
50
What happens if the CNIII is damaged?
Loss of SR, MR, IR and IO also loose the levator palpebrae superioris- causes opthalmoplegia and ptosis- down and out. In addition there will be fixed dilation of the pupil due to loss of PS fibres to sphincter pupillae (run with CNIII). As well as loss of accommodation reflex.
51
What is the other name for the cmn tendinous origin of the Optic muscles?
Anulus of Zin
52
Action of the SO?
Depression, abduction and medial rotation of the eye- damage leads to diplopia looking down and a head tilt (Ant lat) to compensate
53
Function of abducens?
Supplies LR- causes abduction of eye- loss leads to lack of ability to abduct on the affected side.
54
Which 2 nerves come from the frontal branch of V1?
Supratrochlear and Supra orbital
55
Nasociliary branches (there are 4)
Long ciliary- sensory to eyeball (also have Symp for dilation) Post ethmoidal- Post ethmoidal air cells and sphenoidal sinus Infratrochlear nerve- Medial of upper and lower eyelid, lacrimal sac and skin of upper half of nose Ant ethmoidal- Ant cranial fossa, nasal cavity and skin of lower half of nose.
56
Origin of SO and IO
SO: Body of sphenoid, sup and medial to optic canal IO: Medial floor of the orbit and the maxilla war to the nasolacrimal groove.
57
What are the 3 layers of the eye
1. Sclera- fibrous layer- gives attachment to the muscles of eyemovement 2. Choroid- Vascular layer 3. Retina- layer containing the photosensitive cells
58
What are the 2 muscles of the inner ear and their innervation?
Stapedius- facial nerve (pyramidal eminence)- pulls handle of the malleus medially-tensing the tympanic membrane reducing vibration caused by loud noises Tensor tympani- mandibular branch of CNV- Contraction pulls the stapes posteriorly preventing excessive auscultation
59
What nerve supplies the middle ear?
The CNIX tympanic plexus innervates the mucosa of the middle ear
60
What's the content of the carotid triangle? (3)
1. Carotid arteries 2. Hypoglossal nerve (XII) 3. Vagus nerve (X)
61
Borders of the carotid triangle?
Superior: Belly of post digastric Inferomedially: Sup belly of omohyoid Inferolaterally: Ant border of SCM
62
What's the content of the submental triangle? (1)
1/2 lymph nodes
63
Whats the borders of the submental triangle?
Superior: Mandible Inferior: Hyoid Laterally: Ant bellies of right and left digastric
64
What's the content of the Submandibular triangle? (5)
1. Submandibular gland 2. Facial A+V 3. Stylohyoid muscle 4. CNXII 5. Lymph nodes
65
Whats the borders of the Submandibular triangle?
Superiorly: Mandible Anteriorly: Ant belly of digastric Posteriorly: Post belly of digastric
66
What's the content of the muscular triangle? (3)
1. Infrahyoid muscles 2. Thyroid gland 3. Parathyroid gland
67
Whats the borders of the muscular triangle?
Sup: Hyoid bone Medially: Midline of neck Superolaterally: Sup belly Omohyoid Inferolaterally: Inf portion of the SCM
68
What is the opening of the parotid duct called and where is it located?
Duct of stensen- level of the second maxillary molar
69
Submandibular duct opening?
Sublingual caruncle- duct of wharton
70
What is the sensory innervation of the TMJ?
Mandibular (V3) Auriculotemporal Masseteric Deep temporal
71
What is the BS to the TMJ?
Principal ==> superficial temporal | others are deep auricular ascending pharyngeal and maxillary
72
What are the branches of the 1st (Mandibular part of the maxillary artery?
``` Ant tympanic Deep auricular Middle meningeal Accessory meningeal Inferior alveolar ```
73
What are the branches of the 3rd (pterygopalatine part)?
Post sup alveolar A Infra orbital (-ant sup alveolar- inf palpebral, inf nasal and sup labial) Greater palpatine Sphenopalatine (Lat posterior and post septal) Artery of pterygoid canal
74
How many bones are in the viscerocranium?
14
75
How many bones are in the neurocranium?
8
76
Borders of the anterior triangle of the neck
Apex: Suprasternal notch Base: Inferior margin of the mandible Ant border: Midline of neck Post border: Ant margin of SCM Head ==> thorax
77
Borders of the post. triangle
Apex: Posteroinferior mastoid process Base: Midline 1/3 of clavicle Ant: Post margin of SCM Post: Ant margin of trapezius Thorax/neck ==> Upper limb
78
Where can the thyroid gland lie
From C5-T1
79
What are the 5 ligaments of the TMJ
``` Collateral ligaments (medial and lateral) Capsular TM ligament (sphenomandib and stylomandib) ```
80
What is the vertex of the head?
The highest point of the skull
81
Which muscle covers the mentalis as it exits the mandible?
It is covered by the depressor anguli Oris
82
Which muscle does CNIX enter the pharynx with?
Stylopharyngeus (also innervates it)
83
Which muscle is the hypoglossal nerve closely related to as it peirces oropharyngeal triangle?
Post digastric belly
84
What do you call the area of transition between the oral cavity and oropharynx?
Fauces
85
What lies between the mastoid process and tympanic part of the temporal bone?
Tympanomastoid fissure
86
Which nerve loops over the submandibular duct?
Facial

MSc Head and Neck (2 decks)

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