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Psychiatry > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is in the insula?

A

Deep in Sylvian fissure

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2
Q

What is the insula?

A

Seat of the primary gustatory cortex

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3
Q

What is in the middle frontal gyrus?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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4
Q

Where is the cingulate sulcus?

A

Medial side of frontal lobe

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5
Q

Where is the seat of motivation?

A

Anterior position of adjoining cingulate gyrus

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6
Q

What does the orbitofrontal cortex do

A

associative learning decision-making

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7
Q

What is the inferior parietal lobe made of

A

Angular gyrus

Supramarginal gyrus

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8
Q

What is the inferior parietal lobe important for?

A

Visuospatial attention

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9
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

Calcarine sulcus in medial occipital cortex

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10
Q

Where is prosody located?

A

Right hemisphere

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11
Q

How many right-handed people have a dominant right hemisphere?

A

10%

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12
Q

How many left-handed people have a right dominant hemisphere?

A

20%

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13
Q

How many left handed people have left dominant hemisphere?

A

64%

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14
Q

How many left handed people have bilateral dominance

A

16%

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15
Q

Signs in left hemisphere lesions

A 
Aphasia
Right-left disorientation
Finger agnosia
Dysgraphia (aphasic)
Dyscalculia (number alexia)
Limb apraxia
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16
Q

Signs in right hemisphere lesions

A 
Visuospatial deficits
Anosognosia
Neglect
Dysgraphia (spatial, neglect)
Dyscalculia (spatial)
Constructional apraxia
Dressing apraxia
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17
Q

Which hemisphere lesion leads to face recognition?

A

Bilateral

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18
Q

Functions of limbic system?

A

Mediation of emotional responses via amygdala
Influencing neuroendocrine responses via hypothalamus
Reward system regulation via nucleus accumbens

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19
Q

Function of amygdala?

A

Fear conditioning

Emotional regulation

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20
Q

What are the medial temporal structures?

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Entorhinal and Para hippocampal cortex

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21
Q

What structures are functionally related to basal ganglia but not part of structure?

A

Substantia nigra

Subthalamic nuclei

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22
Q

What are the important circuits in the basal ganglia?

A 
Motor
Oculomotor
Dorsolateral prefrontal (executive)
Anterior cingulate (motivation)
Lateral orbitofrontal (social intelligence)
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23
Q

What basal ganglia dysfunction causes OCD?

A

Volumetric changes + higher blood flow to caudate nuclei.

Increased caudate metabolism reduces after effective treatment.

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24
Q

What basal ganglia dysfunction is linked with bradykinesia in Parkinsonism?

A

Striatal over activity

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25
What basal ganglia dysfunction is linked to Fahr's disease?
Progressive calcium deposition in basal ganglia.
26
Function of anterior thalamus
Receives mamillothalami tract and fornix | Connects to cingulate cortex
27
What in the thalamus is associated with visual attention?
Pulvinar
28
What is the ventromedial hypothalamus?
Satiety center
29
Where is the feeding center?
Lateral hypothalamus
30
What does the inferior olivary nucleus do?
Aids in motor coordination by projecting climbing fibers to contralateral cerebellar cortex via inferior cerebellar peduncle
31
Signs in inferior olivary nucleus lesions
Appendicular ataxia due to motor incoordination of contralateral arm and leg Fail finger-nose test
32
Function of cerebellum in schizophrenia
Disrupted cortico-cerebellar circuity can lead to cognitive dysmetria - difficulty in coordinating and monitoring process of receiving, processing and expressing information
33
What is the midbrain made up of?
Superior and inferior colliculi Substantia nigra Periaqueductal grey matter
34
What do the superior and inferior colliculi do?
Superior - conjugate gaze control | Inferior - auditory source localization
35
Anatomy of oculomotor nerve.
Motor function. | Supplies 4/6 of ocular muscles
36
Anatomy of trigeminal nerve
Sensory + motor. Transmits facial sensation Controls jaw muscles
37
Anatomy of facial nerve.
Sensory + motor. Transmits taste sensation Controls facial muscles.
38
Anatomy of glossopharyngeal nerve
Motor control of pharynx Parasympathetic control of parotid gland Taste from back of tongue
39
Anatomy of hypoglossal
Motor control of tongue muscles
40
What information does the spinothalamic tract carry?
Touch Pressure Pain Temperature
41
How does CSF go from 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space
Foramen of Magendie (single) and | Foramina of Luschka (two lateral)
42
Where does obstruction to CSF commonly occur?
3rd or 4th ventricle (Foramen of Monroe)
43
What happens in communicating hydrocephalus?
Impairment of CSF reabsorption in subarachnoid space due to partial occlusion of arachnoid villi
44
What does the internal carotid artery divide into?
Anterior cerebral and middle cerebral artery
45
What does anterior cerebral artery supply?
Medial and superior strip of lateral aspect of cerebral cortex up to parietal/occipital border
46
What does the middle cerebral artery supply?
Lateral aspect of cerebral cortex, including Broca's and Wernicke's in dominant hemispheres
47
What does the posterior cerebral artery supply
Inferomedial temporal lobe | Occipital lobe
48
What supplies the medulla?
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries | Anterior spinal branches of vertebral arteries
49
What supplies the pons?
Basilar artery
50
Signs of carotid system TIA
``` Amaurosis fugax Aphasia Hemiparesis Hemisensory loss Hemianopic visual loss ```
51
Signs of vertebrobasilar TIA
``` Diplopia, vertigo, vomiting Choking, dysarthria Ataxia Ataxia without agraphia Hemisensory loss Hemianopic visual loss Transient global amnesia Tetraparesis LOC ``` --
52
Bilateral infarct of anterior cerebral artery results in which signs
``` Quadriparesis (legs weaker than arms) Akinetic mutism (ventromedial or cingulate syndrome) ```
53
What supplies the caudate nucleus?
Recurrent artery of Huebner (branch of anterior cerebral artery)
54
Lesion effect of caudate nucleus
Initially agitated, confused | Evolves to akinesia, abulia with mutism and personality changes
55
What supplies the basal forebrain?
Anterior communicating artery
56
Signs of lesion in basal forebrain
Akinesia Personality change - orbitofrontal dysfunction Confabulatory amnesia
57
What supplies the lateral medulla?
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
58
Lesion effect of lateral medulla or of thrombus in PICA?
Wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome. Acute vertigo with cerebellar signs. Ipsilateral face numbness, diplopia, nystagmus Horner's syndrome IX/X nerve palsy with contralateral spinothalamic sensory loss and mild hemiparesis
59
Types of white matter pathways
Projection fibers Association fibers Commissural fibers
60
What are projection fibers?
Run vertically, connecting higher and lower centers of the brain
61
What are association fibers?
Interconnect different regions within same hemisphere of brain
62
What are commissural fibers?
Interconnect similar regions in opposite hemisphere.
63
What does the anterior commissure do?
Interconnects olfactory bulbs
64
What does the posterior commissure do?
Interconnects midbrain pretectal nuclei
65
What supplies anterior aspect and most of the body of the corpus callosum?
Pericallosal artery (from anterior cerebral artery)
66
Signs of vascular disruption to pericallosal artery?
Left sided apraxia and agnosia
67
Signs of vascular disruption to splenium?
Alexia and color anomia | Preserved ability to copy words
68
What does damage to Arcuate fasciculus result in?
Conduction aphasia
69
What is the uncinate fasciculus?
Connects orbitofrontal cortex to anterior temporal lobs.
70
Function of unicate fasciculus
Social cognition | Language
71
What makes up cortical neurons?
75% is pyramidal neurons | 25% are stellate cells - not in layer 1
72
Which layer gives rise to association/commissural and projection fibres?
Layer 6
73
What are Purkinje cells?
Class of GABAergic neurons in cerebellar cortex only. | Connect to deep cerebellar nuclei via inhibitory projections.
74
Function of purkinje cells?
For sole output of all motor coordination in cerebellum.
75
Examples of circum-ventricular organs
Subfornical organ Area postrema (chemoreceptor trigger zone) Median eminence Posterior pituitary
76
Function of brainstem cholinergic pathway?
Maintains wakefulness and REM sleep.
77
Origination of brainstem cholinergic pathway?
Originates from pedunculopontine and laterdorsal tegmental nuclei.
78
What does brainstem cholinergic pathway innervate?
Thalamic relay neurons | Reticular nuclei
79
Where do noradrenergic pathways originate and ascend to?
Originate in loculs coeruleus (pons) Ascend to cortex via medial forebrain bundle Descend to spinal cord
80
Name two major cortical interneuron subtypes
Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (40%) | Somatostatin-expressing interneurons (30%) - Martinotti cells
81
What can reduction in expression of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons lead to?
Schizophrenia
82
Subtypes of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons?
Basket cells | Chandelier cells
83
What are basket cells?
Receive direct input from thalamocortical projections. | Form synapses with soma or dendrites of pyramidal neurons

Psychiatry (10 decks)

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