Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What are the meninges

Answer 1

Three membranous layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Question 2

What are the 3 meningeal layers

Answer 2

Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater

Question 3

What are the features of the pia mater

Answer 3

Microscopic

Stuck to brain tissue- follows every fold

Question 4

What are the features of the arachnoid mater

Answer 4

Translucent
Soft
Delicate
Space between this a pia is filled with CSF
Does not extend down sulci and lateral fissures
Blood vessels in this space

Question 5

What are the features of the dura mater

Answer 5

Tough membranous

Potential space- arachnoid normally pushed up against it

Question 6

Why is the dura like two ply tissue

Answer 6

Dura fuses with periosteum lining the inner table of skull
Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer
Spinal cord doesn’t have periosteal layer

Question 7

When do the two dural layers seperate

Answer 7

At fold

At sinuses

Question 8

What is the vertical plane dural fold called

Answer 8

Falx Cerebri

Question 9

What is the horizontal plane dural fold called

Answer 9

Tentorium Cerebelli

Question 10

What is the function of dural folds

Answer 10

Help stabilise the brain

Question 11

What is the risk in raised ICP with the folds

Answer 11

Compression and displacement/herniation against dural folds and through foramen magnum

Question 12

Where do venous sinuses drain into

Answer 12

Internal jugular

Question 13

Name some dural venous sinuses

Answer 13

Superior, inferior, straight, transverse, sigmoid, cavernous, petrosal

Question 14

What do bridging veins connect

Answer 14

Subarachnoid space to dural venous sinuses- transverse subdural space

Question 15

What do emissary veins connect

Answer 15

Scalp to sinuses (through bone)

Question 16

What is the extradural space

Answer 16

Between periosteal dura and inner table of bone

Question 17

What is the subdural space

Answer 17

Between meningeal dural layer and arachnoid

Question 18

Is the subarachnoid space potential or actual

Answer 18

Actual, has CSF and vessels

Question 19

Where is the bleed in extradural bleed

Answer 19

Periosteal layer and bone

Question 20

Where is the bleed in subdural

Answer 20

Dura mater and arachnoid

Question 21

Where is the bleed in subarachnoid

Answer 21

Arachnoid and pia mater

Question 22

What is an intracerebral haemorrhage

Answer 22

Bleeding within the brain tissue

Question 23

What can bleeding lead to

Answer 23

Pressure and damage to tissue, brainsteamn and nerves

Question 24

Example of common extradural haematoma

Answer 24

Middle meningeal artery due to it being near pterion which is the thinnest part of the bone
Specific shape cause of periosteal connection adhesion to sutures

Question 25

What is the common cause of subdural haemorrhage

Answer 25

Venous bleed from bridging veins- snap with trauma - fills round until fold

Question 26

What is the common presentation of subdural haemorrhage

Answer 26

Headache | Initially normal then gradual decline

Question 27

Cause of subarachnoid bleed

Answer 27

Trauma Spont rupture of vessel- aneurysm Usually circle of willis Blood mixes with CSF CT 100% in 6hrs

Question 28

What makes up the CNS

Answer 28

Brain, cerebellum and spinal cord

Question 29

What makes up the PNS

Answer 29

Cranial nerves

Question 30

What are the three parts of the brainstem

Answer 30

Midbrain Pons Medulla

Question 31

What makes up the diencephalon

Answer 31

Hypothalamus | Thalamus x 2

Question 32

What does the thalamus do

Answer 32

Act as relay station for sensory information from body

Question 33

What is white matter vs grey matter

Answer 33

``` Grey out White inner Grey cell bodies White Axons- myelinated Grey where diencephalon is also ```

Question 34

What does corpus callosum allow

Answer 34

Communication between hemispheres

Question 35

What is the septum pellucidum

Answer 35

Thin membrane | Partition of lateral ventricles

Question 36

Major functions of the brainstem

Answer 36

Relationship with cranial nerves Midbrain- eye and pupil response Pons- Sleep and eating Medulla- primitive and essential- CV and resp

Question 37

Main functions of temporal lobe

Answer 37

Language Emotion LT memory Smell, hearing, taste

Question 38

Major functions of frontal lobe

Answer 38

``` Voluntary motor control Speech Social Impulse control Higher cognition Primary motor cortex ```

Question 39

Major functions of parietal lobe

Answer 39

Somatosensory perception- touch | Spatial awareness

Question 40

Major functions of cerebellum

Answer 40

Coordination and motor learning

Question 41

What control do spinal nerves have

Answer 41

Uni-cortical, contralateral

Question 42

Is there is sparing of the forehead the cause is

Answer 42

Stroke as ipsilateral control comes in

Question 43

Pathways connecting motor cortex to cranial nerves pass at

Answer 43

At the level of nuclei which they communicate