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5th year - Neurology > Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology - Done > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology - Done Flashcards

1
Q

Astrocytes:

A

maintenance of homeostasis, formation of scar tissue (gliosis), each synapse is surrounded by an astrocyte
- neurotansmitters cannot escape from a synaptic cleft.

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2
Q

Oligodendtrocytes / Schwann cells:

A

forms a myelin sheaths in the CNS / in the peripheral nervous system.

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3
Q

Microglial cells:

A

phagocytes which are activated by the inflammatory and degenerative processes affecting nervous system.

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4
Q

Ependymal cells:

A

form an ependyma = a lining of the ventricles and central canal.

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5
Q

Which type of fiber does not have a myelin sheath?

A

C type

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6
Q

Which type of fiber is the thickest?

A

alpha

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7
Q

What is in the forebrain?

A

Diencephalon

  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Subthalamus
  • Epithalamus

Telencephalon
* Cerebrum

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8
Q

What is in the midbrain?

A
  • Tectum

- Cerebral peduncule

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9
Q

What is in the hindbrain?

A
  • Medulla
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
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10
Q

Upper neuron =

A

motor neuron deriving from the cerebral cortex and going down to the spinal cord / to the motor nuclei of cranial nerves

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11
Q

Lower neuron =

A

motor neuron located in the anterior nerve root/ in the motor nuclei of cranial nerves

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12
Q

Somatosensory receptors:

A
  • interoception
  • exteroception
  • proprioception
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13
Q

Exteroception:

A
  • chemoreceptors
  • teloreceptors
  • cutaneous receptors
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14
Q

Proprioception:

A
  • vibration

- sense of position of muscle to joints

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15
Q

Exteroception - chemoreceptors:

A
  • taste

- smell

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16
Q

Exteroception - teloreceptors:

A
  • vision

- hearing

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17
Q

Exteroception - cutaneous receptors:

A
  • nociceptors (pain)
  • mechanoreceptors (touch, pressure)
  • thermoreceptors (temperature)
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18
Q

Cranial nerve III innervates what muscle(s) of the eyes?

A
  • superior oblique m.
  • inferior oblique m.
  • medial rectus m.
  • superior rectus m.
  • levator palpebrae m.

LESION: Affected eye is down and out, ptosis, mydriasis.

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19
Q

Cranial nerve IV innervates what muscle(s) of the eyes?

A
  • Trochlear m.

LESION: Affected eye is up and to the nose

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20
Q

Cranial nerve VI innervates what muscle(s) of the eyes?

A
  • Lateral rectus m.

LESION: Affected eye is horizontally and to the nose

21
Q

Constriction of the pupil:

A
  • parasympathetic component

- Edinger-Westphal nucleus

22
Q

Dilation of the pupil:

A
  • sympathetic component

- thoracic sympathetic trunk

23
Q

Amygdala:

A
  • Emotions - aggression, fear, pleasure, a reward
  • Regulation of motivation
  • Sexual arousal
  • Primitive emotional memory

Cooperates with endocrine and autonomic systems!

24
Q

Hippocampus:

A
  • Short-term and long-term memory
  • Learning
  • Also takes part in affective response
25
Q

Parahippocampal gyrus:

A
  • Visuospatial memory
  • Episodic memory
  • Mediates the connection between contextual processing and emotion, facilitating emotion understanding and expectations of our environment
26
Q

Thalamus:

A

a relay station to the cerebral cortex

27
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

regulation of hunger, thirst, response to pain, levels of pleasure, sexual satisfaction, anger and aggressive behavior.

28
Q

Cingulate gyrus:

A

cooperates with autonomic system

29
Q

Fornix:

A

a linkage between hyppocampus and mammillary bodies

30
Q

Mammilary bodies:

A

formation of the memory

31
Q

Entorhinal cortex and piriform cortex:

A

receive smell input in the olfactory system

32
Q

Nucleus accumbens:

A

pleasure, reward, addiction

33
Q

Functions of basal ganglia and extrapyramidal tract:

A
  • Initiation and facilitation of voluntary movements
  • Suppresion of unwanted or involuntary movements
  • Posture and muscle tone
  • Integration of sensory and motor impulses, proprioceptive feedback
34
Q

Circle of Willis:

A
  • anterior communicating artery
  • anterior cerebral artery
  • internal carotid artery
  • middle cerebral artery
  • posterior communicating artery
  • cerebral artery
35
Q

What is the blood brain barrier (BBB) made from?

A
  • Made from epithelial cells (tight junctions) and astrocytes.
  • Damaged by inflammatory process.
36
Q

Regions without blood-brain barrier:

A
  • Median eminence of hypothalamus
  • Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Area postrema
37
Q

What is the blood brain barrier not permeable for?

A

Not permeable for bacteria, hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules (drugs!)

38
Q

What is the blood brain barrier permeable for?

A

Permeable to gases, glucose, amino acids, hydro soluble and lipo-soluble molecules.

39
Q

Coverings of the brain and spinal cord:

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid
  • pia mater
40
Q

Dura mater:

A

thick and resistant, made form two layers

41
Q

Arachnoid:

A

thin, transparent, like a spider web

42
Q

Pia mater:

A

thin, delicate, coats closely brain and spinal cord

43
Q

Spaces of the skull and spine:

A
  • epidural space: meningeal arteries
  • Subdural space: emissary veins
  • Subarachnoid space: circle of Willis
44
Q

What secretes CSF?

A

Actively secreted by choroid plexuses (mainly in lateral ventricles) to subarachnoid space, 500 ml/day, 130 -150ml in the brain

45
Q

Where is the CSF resorbed?

A

It is resorbed to the bloodstream by arachnoid granulations located mainly in the superior sagittal sinus

46
Q

Characteristic of normal CSF:

A
  • Clear and colourless
  • Up to 4 cells, mainly lymphocytes
  • Glucose 50-60% of blood glucose
  • Little protein
47
Q

Spinal cord:

A
  • 7 cervical vertebrae, 8 cervical nerves!!
  • Sympathetic part: (C8)Th1-L2
  • Parasympathetic part: S1-S4
  • Medullar cone-L1/L2
  • Cauda equina
48
Q

Spinal cord reflexes:

A
  • afferent impulses: from receptors at the body surface or internal organs
  • efferent impulses: e.g. to skeletal muscles

5th year - Neurology (9 decks)

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