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Neuro Exam 3 > Neuroanatomy of Taste and Olfaction > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy of Taste and Olfaction Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 basic tastes?

A

Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter

Plus umami

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2
Q

Where is the olfactory bulb located?

A

Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

Inferior to medial aspects of frontal lobe

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3
Q

Receptors for transduction of odor molecules are where?

A

Olfactory mucosa
Roof of nasal cavity on inferior surface of cribrifrom plate
Along nasal septum and medial wall of superior turbinate

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4
Q

Describe olfactory receptor cells.

A

Single dendritic process
Specialized non-motile cilia w/ odorant receptors
Odorant receptors = GPCRs
Ligand binding sends signal to olfactory bulb

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5
Q

What are basal cells?

A

Stem cells for olfactory receptor and supporting cells

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6
Q

What are brush cells?

A

Ciliated, columnar epithelial cells

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7
Q

What are supporting/sustentacular cells?

A

Provide mechanical and metabolic support to olfactory receptor cells

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8
Q

What are olfactory fila?

A

Multiple nerve fibers that make up the olfactory nerve

Pass through cribriform plate and terminate in olfactory bulb

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9
Q

How does olfactory perception occur?

A

Odor molecules are inhaled and contact mucus layer covering the epithelium

Aqueous solution of proteins, electrolytes, and odorant-binding proteins –> receptors –> transduction

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10
Q

Describe what happens when a ligand binds to the odorant receptor.

A

Activation of 2nd messenger pathway –> adenyl cyclase –> cAMP –> cation channels open –> depolarization

Sufficiently large depolarization initiates AP to olfactory bulb

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11
Q

The olfactory bulb is made of how many layers? What are they?

A 
5 layers:
Olfactory Nerve layer 
Glomerular layer 
External Plexiform layer 
Mitral Cell layer 
Granule Cell layer
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12
Q

What does the olfactory nerve layer contain?

A

Axons of ORNs (olfactory receptor neurons)

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13
Q

What does the glomerular layer contain?

A

ORNs synapsing on dendrites of mitral and tufted cells –> efferent output of bulb

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14
Q

What does the external plexiform layer contain?

A

Dendrites of tufted, mitral, and granule cells
Cross talk with granule cells
Moodulates tufted and mitral cell output

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15
Q

What does the mitral cell layer contain?

A

Mitral cells and axons of tufted/granule cells

Centrifugal fibers traverse this layer

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16
Q

What does the granule cell layer contain?

A

Granule cells = principle interneuron of olfactory bulb

Output = dendrodendritic GABA (decreased activity of mitral and tufted cells)

Layer contains axons of mitral and tufted cells and centrifugal afferents

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17
Q

What runs through the olfactory tract?

A

Fibers of lateral olfactory tract

Cells of anterior olfactory nucleus

Fibers of anterior limb of anterior commissure

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18
Q

What is significant about the anterior commissure?

A

It’s how many centrifugal fibers reach olfactory bulb.

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19
Q

What are periglomerular cells?

A

Interneurons of the glomarular level, branch extensively

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20
Q

What do centrifugal afferents do?

A

They send input from other central nervous systems to the glomerular layer.

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21
Q

What makes up the lateral Olfactory tract?

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A

Axons of mitral and tufted cells emerginign from caudal Olfactory bulb

22
Q

Where does the lateral Olfactory tract terminate?

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A

Olfactory cortex

On ventral surface of telencephalon

23
Q

What structures make up the olfactory cortex?

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A

Anterior Olfactory nucleus

Olfactory tubercle

Piriform cortex

Anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus

Periamygdaloid cortex

Lateral entorhinal cortex

24
Q

Where does the lateral Olfactory tract send collaterals?

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A

Anterior Olfactory nucleus

Other areas of olfactory cortex

Subcortical limbic structures

25
What are the major targets of the anterior olfactory nucleus?
B/L olfactory bulbs Contralateral anterior olfactory nucleus
26
What is a hallmark of the olfactory bulb?
It project directly to cortex and does not relay via thalamus.
27
To where does the olfactory cortex project its fibers?
Lateral hypothalamus Dorsomedial thalamic nucleus Insular and orbital cortex Olfactory bulb
28
To we here else does the lateral entorhinal cortex project its fibers?
Hippocampus
29
Why is neocortical representation of olfaction important?
For discrimination and identification of odors
30
What is significant about the orbitofrontal cortex in regards to olfaction?
It integrates olfactory, taste, and other food-related cues that produce experience of flavors.
31
What is the lateral hypothalamus responsible for in regards to olfaction?
Gets input from the piriform cortex and anterior olfactory nucleus —> important for feeding behavior
32
Why is hippocampal input important for olfaction?
Links Olfactory input to learning and behavior
33
Define Anosmia.
Loss of smell
34
Describe hyposmia or olfactory hypesthesia.
Decreased sensitivity to odorants Can be associated with nasal polyps, non cancerous growths that occur in nasal cavity or within sinuses
35
How is tast transduction initiated?
Soluble chemicals diffuse through contents of taste pore and bind to receptors on apical microvilli of taste cells
36
What happens after taste transduction is initiated?
Interaction of stimulus with receptor can result in depolarization or hyperpolarization Sufficient depol —> AP in taste cell —> afferent fibers of first order taste neurons
37
What does the chorda tympani innervate?
Innervates fungiform papillae on anterior 2/3 of tongue and anterior foliage papillae
38
What does the greater petrosal nerve innervate?
Innervates taste buds on soft palate
39
Where are the cell bodies for CN 7 located?
Geniculate ganglion
40
Walk through the tract of CN 7.
Enters brainstem at pontomedullary junction via intermediate nerve —> solitary tract —> target cells of solitary nucleus —> gustatory nucleus (rostral portion)
41
What is the glossopharyngeal n significant for in regards to taste?
Lingual-tronsilar branch innervates taste buds in Vallate papillae and posterior foliate papillae
42
What is the vagus n significant for in regards to taste?
Superior laryngeal n innervates taste buds of epiglottis and esophagus.
43
Where are the cell bodies of the taste fibers in CN 9 & 10? Ultimate target?
Inferior ganglia: Petrosal = CN 9 Nodose = CN 10 Ultimate target = gustatory nucleus (rostral portion)
44
Describe the central taste pathway.
Pathway is ipsilateral 2nd order neurons travel via ipsilateral central tegmental tract —> ventral posteromedial nucleus —> posterior limb of internal capsule —> inner portion of frontal operculum and anterior insular cortex End = Brodmann 3b (postcentral gyrus)
45
Why is the central taste pathway significant?
Responsible for discriminative aspect of taste
46
What happens with a lesion at CN 7 root or in internal auditory meatus (vestibular schwannoma)?
Loss of taste perception from ipsilateral anterior 2/3 of tongue Paralysis of ipsilateral facial muscles Hype racists = paralysis of stapedius m. Impaired secretion of nasal, lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands
47
What happens when there is damage to the geniculate ganglion?
May or may not result in taste loss depending on origin of chorda tympani Ipsilateral facial paralysis
48
Describe ageusia.
Complete loss of taste, rare
49
Describe hypogeusia.
Decreased taste sensitivity
50
Describe parageusia.
Distortions in perception of taste Causes: drug use or meds

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