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Neuro Exam 3 > Voluntary motion > Flashcards

Voluntary motion Flashcards

1
Q

Name the cortical areas associated with voluntary movement.

A

Primary motor cortex (Precentral gyrus)
Pre-motor cortex
Supplementary motor cortex

Additionally:
Pre-frontal cortex
Parietal cortex

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2
Q

What pathway allows us to complete motor acts based on visual input?

A

Dorsal visual pathway

Using V3, V2, and V1

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3
Q

Overview of how reaching occurs.

A

1) Info goes from visual cortex –> parietal cortex using the dorsal visual pathway. Tells you about the space around you.
2) 2nd pathway involving superior parietal cortex. Tells you about where your arm is in space

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4
Q

During reaching, information will be sent from the visual cortex to the parietal cortex. Where specifically in the parietal cortex does the information go to?

A

V6A
PEc - caudal area of posterior parietal cortex
MIP - medial intraparietal area
VIP - ventral intraparietal area

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5
Q

What is VIP responsible for?

A

Creating a rough map of the space around you

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6
Q

Where does VIP send information to?

A

F4 - within the premotor cortex

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7
Q

What is F4 responsible for? How do the neurons respond here?

A

Creating a detailed map of the space around you. The closer an object is, the more the neurons are excited and fire.

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8
Q

When reaching for an object, where does information travel in the 2nd pathway? What does this pathway tell you?

A

Information goes from the superior parietal cortex (possibly V6a) to F2 in the premotor cortex.
The pathway tells you about where your arm is in space.

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9
Q

What is F2 responsible for?

A

Creating a map of where your arm is in relation to your body and the things around you.

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10
Q

The visual cues related to grasping are dependent on what?

A

They are dependent on what you INTEND TO DO.

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11
Q

Overview how grasping occurs.

A

Information travels from the inferior parietal cortex to F5 with a goal of an action.

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12
Q

What are the parts of the inferior parietal cortex?

A

Anterior intraparietal area (AIP)

PFG

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13
Q

The inferior parietal cortex contains neurons that respond to what?

A

Seeing an object to grasp - visually dominant

Grasping an object - motor dominant

Both seeing and grasping an object - visuomotor neurons

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14
Q

Where do AIP/PFG relay their information?

A

F5

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15
Q

What is F5 responsible for?

A

They fire in response to the GOAL of an action. NOT the motor act itself.

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16
Q

Describe the similarities in reaching and grasping paths.

A

Both use the DORSAL VISUAL PATHWAY

There is no encoding of motor act for both

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17
Q

Describe the differences in reaching and grasping paths.

A

Areas of parietal cortex required are different:
Reaching = V6a, PEc, MIP/VIP
Grasping = AIP/PFG

Reaching creates a map of space and body:
VIP - rough, F4 - detailed, F2 - where arm is

Grasping involves being AWARE of a GOAL (F5)

18
Q

Summarize what the premotor cortex does. What information does it need and what does it do with the information?

A

Receives sensory information to F4 & F5 required for movement.

Identifies intent of motion and decides what motion to produce.

Dorsal pathway - applies rules to determine whether it is appropriate to move

19
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the supplementary motor cortex? What are they responsible for?

A

Supplementary motor area (SMA) - postural control

Pre-supplementary area (pre-SMA) - Plans motor program for action

20
Q

What are the actions of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Organize motor sequences

Acquire motor skills

Executive control - decision to switch actions/strategies

21
Q

So to review really quick… what do the premotor cortex and pre-SMA accomplish?

A

Premotor cortex = identifies purpose of intended motion and creates map for reaching and ultimately grasping object

Pre-SMA = identifies sequence of how the action is to occur

22
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Precentral gyrus

23
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A

Controls specific movements

24
Q

How is the primary motor cortex arranged?

Why is this significant?

A

It is arranged in columns

Stimulation of any columns produces a specific movement

25
Q

What regions of the body have a proportionally high representation of the primary motor cortex?

A

Regions of the body that do fine motions.

26
Q

Based on how the primary motor cortex is arranged, how does stimulation differ when comparing different regions of the body?

A

If we are in an area of the body that does fine movement, stimulation of one column may produce contraction of a SINGLE muscle.
Ex: Fingers

If we are in an area of the body that does more general movement, stimulation of one column may produce contraction of a GROUP of muscles.
Ex: Back

27
Q

The primary motor cortex (PMC) is arranged into how may layers?

A

6 layers

28
Q

How is layer 4 of the PMC significant? Layer 5?

A

Layer 4 - receives sensory input

Layer 5 - output for corticospinal pathway

29
Q

How many sets of neurons are in each column in the PMC? What do these do?

A

There are TWO sets.

One starts the motions
Another maintains it as long as necessary

30
Q

Do neighboring columns in the PMC control neighboring muscles?

A

Nope, they control RELATED MOTIONS.

31
Q

What are the 2 kinds of columns seen in the PMC?

A

One type does on/off for agonist muscle

Another does off/on for antagonist muscle

32
Q

How is the cerebellum involved in voluntary motion?

A

Sequences complex actions
Corrects force/direction
Balance and eye movements
learning of complex actions

33
Q

What are the functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A

Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum

34
Q

What are the 2 regions of the spinocerebellum?

A

Vermal (central) = postural control

Paravermal = force and direction; feedback control of on-going motion; ballistic motion

35
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum do? Location?

A

Location = lateral hemispheres of cerebellum

Action = Planning of complex motion; sequencing rapid movements; learning motion

36
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum do?

A

FUTURE balance and eye movements

37
Q

Outputs of the cerebellum go through where?

A

The deep cerebellar nuclei:
Dentate
Fastigial
Interpositus (globose, emboliformis)

38
Q

Input and output of: Spinocerebellum (vermal and paravermal)?

A

Vermal:
Input = Efferent copy (what brain sends to muscle), vestibular, visual and auditory
Output = interpositus + fastigial n.; rubrospinal tract

Paravermal:
Input = Efferent copy and muscle afferent info
Output = Interpositus n.; rubrospinal tract

39
Q

Input and output of: Cerebrocerebellum?

A 
Input = cerebral cortex related to motion 
Output = dentate n., back to cortex
40
Q

Input and output of: Vestibulocerebellum?

A 
Input = vestibular 
Output = vestibular and fastigial n.

Neuro Exam 3 (8 decks)

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