Neuroanatomy overview

Question 1

what hormones differentiate dorsal and ventral axes?

Answer 1

Sonic hedgehog forms notocord. Bone morphogenetic protein from the ectoderm initiates formation of roof plate

Question 2

BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) is excitatory, Shh is ____________

Answer 2

inhibitory

Question 3

Interaction of BMP and Shh cause this

Answer 3

Segmentation. Shh inhibits formation that BMP begins. This results in a segmentation of the neural tube.

Question 4

Dorsal is ___________. Ventral is __________.

Answer 4

1. Sensory

2. Motor

Question 5

Secondary neurulation forms this part of the spinal cord

Answer 5

Sacral portion. This is also derived from mesenchyme

Question 6

Primary neurulation is derived from _____________

Answer 6

Ectoderm. Affects the neuropore.

Question 7

Neural tube closes beginning ith this part

Answer 7

The neural plate

Question 8

Incomplete closure of the ___________ causes spina bifida

Answer 8

Caudal neuropore

Question 9

Anencephaly is failure of __________. This neural tube derivative does not grow.

Answer 9

1. Wave 2 closure. No skull, and no cerebral hemispheres.

2. Telencephalon.

Question 10

Spina bifida is prevented by _____________

Answer 10

Folate

Question 11

Hindbrain (medulla and pons) is composed of _______

Answer 11

Myelencephalon and metencephalon

Question 12

Midrain neural tube derivative

Answer 12

Mesencephalon

Question 13

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus neural tube derivative

Answer 13

Diencephalon

Question 14

Cerebral hemisphere neural tube derivative

Answer 14

Telencephalon

Question 15

Neural tube forms into the _________ and _____________

Answer 15

1. Spinal canal

2. Ventricular system

Question 16

Cephalic flexure forms this

Answer 16

Optical axes perpendicular to vertebral column and the cranial base flexion. This is an adaptation so our eyes are looking in the direction that allows us to function as upright beings. This is so the brain can adapt to our upright posture.

Question 17

Pontine flexure forms this

Answer 17

Areas of the 4th ventricle. This allows for the formation of the cerebellum

Question 18

Grey matter is divided into these three things

Answer 18

Sensory (dorsal), autonomic (intermediate), and motor areas (ventral).

Question 19

Dorsal (sensory) horn is differentiated in _____

Answer 19

Rexed’s lamina

Question 20

Afferents convey this to lamina 1-5

Answer 20

tactile, proprioceptive, pain, and temperature sensations

Question 21

Dorsal column is composed by these upward bands of axons

Answer 21

Fasciculus graciis and fasciculus cuneatus

Question 22

Three segments of white matter of spinal cord

Answer 22

1. Dorsal funiculus
2. Lateral funiculus
3. Ventral funiculus

Question 23

Lateral funiculus contains this

Answer 23

The anterolateral system. Downward direction axons of corticospinal tract makes your muscles move.

Question 24

Ventral funiculus contains this

Answer 24

Propriospinal tract. Reticulospinal tract has descending axons that go into grey matter. The anterior corticospinal tract is similar to lateral corticospinal tract in which….?

Question 25

This connects the cerebellum and pons

Answer 25

Cerebellar peduncles

Question 26

Midrain is composed of these 4 things

Answer 26

1. Substantia nigra (dopamine) 2. Periaqueductal grey 3. Superior and Inferior Colliculi 4. Red nucleus

Question 27

The function of the periaqueductal grey

Answer 27

Regulates pain and stress responses

Question 28

Colliculi function

Answer 28

Superior looks; inferior listens

Question 29

Midbrain's cerebral peduncle contains these

Answer 29

Sensory and motor pathways to and from spinal cord, brain stem and cortex

Question 30

Diencephalon contains these regions

Answer 30

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (pineal gland)

Question 31

Thalamus conveys this information

Answer 31

Sensory

Question 32

This connects to the diencephalon (hypothalamus portion)

Answer 32

Pituitary gland- considered a portion of the diencephalon (just posterior pituitary)

Question 33

Thalamus function

Answer 33

nuclei process and distribute sensory and motor information to and from cerebral cortex

Question 34

This pathway that allows the cortex to focus on certain sensory stimuli

Answer 34

VMpo ????

Question 35

Anterior pituitary communicates to hypothalamus by this

Answer 35

Blood. Posterior pituitary communicates by a direct neural connection

Question 36

Anterior pituitary is derived from

Answer 36

Ectoderm- part of the stomadeum

Question 37

Posterior pituitary is derived from

Answer 37

Neural tube ?????

Question 38

Prefrontal cortex functions

Answer 38

Ideation: decision making from experiental circumstance

Question 39

Reticular formation occurs this way

Answer 39

Sensory input projects to the cortex, limbic structures, and spinal cord arousal. Stimulated by all sensory stimulation

Question 40

Limbic system is composed of this

Answer 40

1. Prefrontal area (orbital and medial prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus) 2. Temporal area (parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala) 3. Ventral striatum (ventral basal ganglia, nucleus accumbens)

Question 41

White matter bundles interconnects these cortical reions

Answer 41

Superior longitudinal and occipitofrontal fasciculi, arcuate fibers, corpus callosum