Neuroanatomy Pages 1-18 Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
Which type of matter is a collection of neuron cell bodies?
A
Gray matter
2
Q
Nucleus = ?
Lamina = ?
Cortex =?
A
Nucleus= cluster of neuron cell bodies morphologically distinct from other nueurons Lamina= layer or band of gray matter Cortex= gray matter on outer surface of cerebrum & cerebellum
3
Q
What is the definition of white matter?
A
An aggregation of neuronal process/axons/fibers
4
Q
What are the types of white matter processes?
A
Tract- anatomically or functionally distinct
Fasiculus= bundle of axons
Lemniscus= ribbon or band
Funiculus= column or cord (found in spinal cord)
Ascending fibers= travelling upstream/rostrally
Descending fibers= travelling downstream/caudally
5
Q
What are the 4 divisions of the CNS?
A
Spinal Cord
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
6
Q
What connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum and cerebellum?
A
Brainstem/ Bulb
7
Q
Does the brainstem include gray matter, white matter, or both?
A
Both
8
Q
Does the brainstem include ascending or descending fiber tracts, or both?
A
Both
9
Q
What are the three divisions of the brainstem?
A
Medulla, Pons, Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
10
Q
Does the Medulla include gray matter, white matter, or both?
A
Both
11
Q
What cranial nerve nuclei are found in the Medulla?
A
12, 11, 10, 9, and parts of 8 & 5
12
Q
Where are the Inferior Olivary Nuclei (olives) found?
A
Medulla
13
Q
Does the medulla include ascending fibers, descending fibers, or both?
A
Both
14
Q
Medullary pyramids are an example of ascending fiber tracts in the white matter of the medulla. T or F
A
False- pyramids are indeed in the white matter of the medulla, but are comprised of descending fibers (motor)
15
Q
What two areas do the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles help to attach?
A
The cerebellum to the medulla
consists of fibers going to and from the cerebellum
16
Q
Which part of the brainstem is considered as the “bridge”?
A
Pons
17
Q
Cranial nerve nuclei are found in the dorsal pons or the ventral pons?
A
Dorsal pons
18
Q
Which cranial nerve nuclei are found in the gray matter of the pons?
A
6, 7, and parts of 8 & 5
19
Q
T or F, the dorsal pons and the ventral pons include both gray and white matter.
A
True
20
Q
Where is the Pontine Nuclei found?
A
The Ventral Pons/ Basilar Pons
21
Q
What is the function of the Pontine Nuclei?
A
receives input from neurons of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex
projects axons to the contralateral side of the cerebellum
22
Q
What makes up the Middle Cerebellar Peduncle and what areas does this peduncle attach?
A
The fibers of the pontine nuclei make up the MCP and the MCP attaches the Pons to the Cerebellum
23
Q
Which part of the brainstem is most superior?
A
Midbrain
24
Q
Which part of the brainstem includes the ventricular system?
A
Midbrain
25
What divides the ventricular system into 2 portions?
Cerebral Aqueduct
26
Where are the supeiror and inferior colliculli found?
The Tectum/ Dorsal Midbrain
27
What is the function of the superior colliculli and inferior colliculli?
```
Superior= coordinates certain reflexes in response to visual and auditory input
Inferior= involved in conscious auditory pathway
```
28
What is the Ventral Midbrain/ Base formed by?
Cerebral Peduncles
29
Is the Ventral Midbrain made up of white matter, gray matter, or both?
Both
30
Are the Cerebral Peduncles made up of white matter, gray matter, or both?
Both
31
Which cranial nerve nuclei are found in the gray matter of the Base of the Midbrain? What other nuclei are found here?
Base= Ventral *
3, 4, and part of 5
Red nucleus & Substantia Nigra
32
What are the Red nucleus and the Substantia Nigra important for?
Motor control
33
What do the Superior Cerebellar Peduncles attach?
Cerebellum to the Midbrain & to the Cerebrum
34
The cortical surface of the cerebellum is highly folded into a series of ________?
Folia (leaf-like folds)
35
Is the gray matter of the cerebellum only found in the cortex?
No. Some gray matter is also found in the medullary center of the cerebellum.
36
What are the 3 peduncles that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (midbrain & cerebrum)
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (pons)
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (medulla)
37
What are the functions of the Cerebellum?
Receives input from most sensory systems and cerebral cortex (and other CNS areas)
Influences the activity of skeletal muscle (posture, equilibrium, and coordination)
38
Is Cerebellar control of motor activity unconscious or conscious?
Unconscious
39
What are the two parts that make up the Cerebrum?
```
Diencephalon= core (between brain)
Telencephalon= cerebral hemispheres (end brain)
```
40
What separates the two halves of the Diencephalon?
Third Ventricle
41
Is the diencephalon mostly white matter?
No. It is mostly gray matter, with some white matter.
42
What are the 4 parts that make up the Diencephalon?
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, Subthalamus
43
What are the functions of the Thalamus?
| White or Gray matter?
- Relay mostly sensory info to the cerebral cortex
- Involved in motor pathways
- Brain activities such as behavior, emotion, judgement, and consciousness
* Gray matter*
44
Does the hypothalamus include white matter, gray matter, or both?
Both
45
What are the functions of the Hypothalamus?
- A principle Autonomic Center
- - helps to control sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems
- - helps control pituitary gland = important part of endocrine system
46
Where is the pineal gland located and what is its role?
Found on the epithalamus (above the thalamus) and plays a role in age of onset of puberty and sleep.
47
Where is the subthalmic nucleus found and what is its role?
Found on the subthalamus (under the thalamus) and is involved in motor pathways.
48
What separates the right and left halves the cerebral hemispheres?
The Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure
49
Does the Telencephalon include white matter, gray matter, or both?
Both
50
What is the Corpus Striatum?
Deep nuclei at the base of each hemisphere of the Telencephalon that is important for motor control
51
What three fiber types make up the medullary center (white matter) of the Telencephalon?
Association (same hemisphere)
Commissural (opposite hemisphere- similar cortical area)
Projection (cortex to subcortical area)
52
Which type of fiber allows for input and output from the cerebral cortex?
Projection fibers
53
What are two examples of projection fibers?
```
Thalamocortico fibers
Internal Capsule (deep in each hemisphere)
```
54
Does the internal capsule include sensory pathways, motor pathways, or both?
Both
55
Does the internal capsule include ascending fibers, descending fibers, or both?
Both
56
The surface of the cerebral hemispheres is highly convoluted forming a series of folds or _____. The grooves that intervene between adjacent folds are called ________.
Gyri
| Sulci
57
What are the five anatomical lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Island of Reil (Insula)
58
What is the ventricular system derived from?
The neural canal of the embryonic neural tube
59
What is the ventricular system lined by?
Ependymal cells
60
What part of the ventricular system secretes CSF?
Choroid Plexus
61
What is the total volume of CSF?
| How much is produced per day?
80-150mL
| 450 mL/day (constantly produced and reabsorbed)
62
Which ventricles is the choroid plexus found in?
Lateral ventricles, Third Ventricle, and Fourth Ventricle
63
What are the 5 portions of the lateral ventricles?
Anterior horn, Body, Posterior horn, Inferior horn, and Collateral Trigone
64
What is the Collateral Trigone
It is the area of the lateral ventricle where the body, inferior, and posterior horn intersect
65
The third ventricle split the two halves of the Telencephalon? T or F
False- It splits the Diencephalon
66
Where is the cerebral aqueduct found?
Midbrain
67
What forms the roof and the floor of the 4th ventricle?
Roof= cerebellum, Floor= Rhomboid Fossa (pons & medulla)
68
Only the lateral aperatures (foramina of Luschka) connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space? T or F
False. Both the lateral apertures and the median aperatures (foramina of Magendi) make this connection.
69
What is the cisterna magna?
= Cerebellomedullary cistern- is a large reservoir between the cerebellum and medulla- and where the median apertures lead
70
CSF circulation?
Lateral ventricle > Foramen of Munro > 3rd ventricle > Cerebral Aqueduct > 4th ventricle > Foramen of Luschka & Foramen of Magendi > Subarachnoid Space > Reabsorbed by arachnoid villi
71
What is Hydrocephalus and what are the 3 types?
- Excess CSF that results in increased pressure of CSF which could cause structural widening of ventricles= neuro deficits, headaches (pain from dura & vessels)
- Obstructive, Communicating, External
72
What is the difference between obstructive, communicating, and external hydrocephalus?
Obstructive- blockage of CSF out of ventricles= excess CSF upstream
Communicating= excess CSF in entire ventricular system (including subarachnoid space)
External= in infants- widening of subarachnoid space resulting in excess CSF there (not ventricles)
73
What is papilledema?
Edema of the optic disc
74
What is the Caudate Nucelus, and what 3 parts make it up?
Nucleus involved in motor control that lies along the lateral ventricle.
made of Head, Body, and Tail.
75
Where is the amygdala found and what is it's function?
Found just beyond the tip of the inferior horn and tail of the caudate nucleus.
Function= olfaction, emotional control, behaviors, and certain autonomic changes associated with behavior
- part of the Limbic system
76
Is the Hippocampus made of white matter, gray matter, or both?
Gray matter
77
Is the Fornix made of white matter, gray matter, or both?
White matter
78
Where is the Hippocampus found, and what is its function?
Found along the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.
Function= memory and emotions (Limbic system)
79
What is the purpose of the Fornix?
Tract that originates at the Hippocampus and projects mostly to the Hypothalamus of the Diencephalon.
80
What are the two parts of the Lenticular nucleus?
Globus pallidus- medial
| Putamen- lateral
81
What are the three parts of the Internal Capsule?
Anterior Limb- separates head of the caudate from the lenticular nucleus
Genu- between anterior & posterior limb
Posterior Limb- lenticulothalamic portion between lenticular nucleus & thalamus
82
What is the clinical significance of the Internal Capsule?
Damage can lead to sensory and/or motor deficits
83
What is the septum pellucida?
Thin membrane that separates anterior horns of lateral ventricles
84
What is the interthalamic adhesion?
= Massa Intermedia
| - gray matter structure connects the halves of the thalamus (in the third ventricle)- only 60% of people have this
85
What cervical levels is the spinal cord enlarged at and why?
C4-T1
| - to accommodate innervation of upper extremities via brachial plexus (narrows through tspine)
86
Which lumbosacral levels have spinal cord enlargement and why?
L2-S3
| - to accommodate the innervation of the lower extremities
87
What level is the conus medullaris found at?
L1/L2
88
What are the fissures and sulci of the cerebral hemispheres?
```
Ventral Median Fissure
Dorsal Median Sulcus
Ventral Lateral Sulci
Dorsal Lateral Sulci
Dorsal Intermediate Sulci
```
89
Which fissures and sulci are paired?
Ventral Lateral Sulci
Dorsal Lateral Sulci
Dorsal Intermediate Sulci
90
Which fissure or sulcus is not continuous along the entire spinal cord?
The Dorsal Intermediate Sulci are only present at T6 and above
91
Which sulci is the dorsal intermediate sulcus sandwiched between?
Dorsal Median Sulcus and Dorsal Lateral Sulcus
92
In the spinal cord, the gray matter surrounds the white matter? T or F
False. The opposite is true.
93
What are the 3 divisions of the white matter of the spinal cord?
Posterior (dorsal) Funiculi
Lateral Funiculi
Anterior (ventral) Funiculi
94
Which of the three funiculi of the spinal cord is mostly composed of ascending fibers?
Posterior Funiculi
95
What are the borders of the posterior funiculi?
dorsla median sulcus & dorsal lateral sulcus
96
What are the borders of the lateral funiculi?
dorsal lateral sulcus & ventral lateral sulcus
97
What are the borders of the anterior funiculi?
ventral median sulcus & ventral lateral sulcus
98
What is a bundle of fibers that have a similar origin and termination or function called?
Fasiculus/ Tracts
99
What are the functions of Fasiculi?
- ascending (sensory) pathways
- descending (motor) pahtways (voluntary motor activity)
- CNS control of autonomic/visceral function
100
What are the 5 major fasiculi?
```
Dorsal Lateral Tract= Lissauer's Tract
Fasiculus Gracilis
Fasiculus Cuneatus
Spinothalamic Tract = Anterolateral System
Anterior White Commissure
```
101
Which fasiculi are continuous along the entire length of the spinal cord?
Dorsal Lateral Tract
Fasiculus Gracilis
Spinothalamic Tract
102
Which fasiculus is only present from T6 and above?
Fasiculus cuneatus
103
Which fasiculi are major ascending pathways?
Fasiculus cuneatus
| Spinothalamic tract
104
What contributes to the spinothalamic tract?
Anterior white commissure.
105
What are the 4 areas of the gray matter of the spinal cord?
Posterior/dorsal horn
Anterior/ventral horn
Intermediate zone
Lateral horn
106
T or F. The dorsal horns of the spinal cord are primarily sensory neurons.
True
107
T or F. The ventral horns of the spinal cord are primarily sensory neurons.
False
108
Where is the gray commissure found and what makes it up?
Found in the intemediate zone of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
Comprised of sensory neurons & interneurons
109
Is the lateral horn of the spinal cord found in cervical segments?
No, the lateral horns are only present from T1-L2/L3
110
What is the lateral horn made up of?
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
111
White matter vs. Gray matter in lumbosacral segments?
Low white, high gray
112
White matter vs. Gray matter in thoracic segments?
Increased white compared to lumbars
| Low gray
113
White matter vs. Gray matter in cervical segments?
Greatest amount of white
| High gray as well
114
Order of spinal nerve elements:
Dorsal rootlets/ventral rootlets
Spinal Nerve
Dorsal Primary Ramus/ Ventral Primary Ramus
Dorsal Root Ganglion (unipolar neurons)
115
What is axonal collateral branching?
Neurons in the nervous system have axons with many branches.
116
Define interneurons/internunicals
Typically small neurons that make synaptic connections locally and therefore communicate over short distances.
117
What are the longitudinal columns of neurons along the spinal cord called? Is this white or gray matter?
Laminae of Rexed
| Gray matter
118
Where is lamina 1 found?
Tip of dorsal horn
119
Where is lamina 2s function? What is its alternate name?
modification of pain
| substantia gelatinosa
120
What fibers does lamina 2 receive?
dorsal root fibers
| descending fibers
121
What fibers does lamina 1 receive?
dorsal root fibers
122
What do lamina 1 neurons do?
Project some axons contralaterally to spinothalamic tract
123
What is lamina 3 made up of?
Interneurons
124
What fibers does lamina 4 receive?
dorsal root fibers
125
What is the important of lamina 4 neurons?
Tract cells (neurons) contribute fibers to the contralateral spinothalamic tract
126
Which two laminae are identical in the human spinal cord?
Lamina 5 & 6
127
Where are lamina 5 & 6 located? What fibers do they receive?
base of the dorsal horn
| dorsal root fibers & descending fibers
128
Which laminae contribute to collateral spinothalamic tract?
1, 4, 5, 6,
129
Which laminae is the largest area comprising the intermediate zone and part of the ventral horn?
Lamina 7
130
What are the 4 nucleur cell columns of lamina 7? and which cord segments are they found at?
```
Intermediolateral nucleus (T1-L2/L3)
Intermediomedial nucleus (All)
Nucelus dorsalis (C8-L3)
Sacral autonomic nucleus (S2-S4)
```
131
Which nuclear cell column of lamina 7 contains preganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Intermediolateral nucleus
132
What do the axons of the nucelus dorsalis of lamina 7 form?
Dorsal-spino-cerebellar tract
133
Which nuclear cell column of lamina 7 contains preganglionic parasympathetic neurons?
Sacral autonomic nucleus
134
Where is lamina 8 located and what fibers does it receive?
Located medially in the ventral horn
| Descending fibers
135
Where does lamina 8 project axons to?
lamina 7 and 9
136
Which lamina is multiple cell columns embedded in laminae 7 or 8?
Lamina 9
137
What is lamina 9 mostly made up of?
Motor neurons of the ventral horn
138
What do medial lamina 9 cell columns innervate?
Trunk muscles
139
What do lateral lamina 9 cell columns innervate?
Extremity muscles
140
What are the special motor nuclei of lamina 9 and what segments are they found in?
Phrenic nucleus- C3,C4,C5
| Spinal accessory nucelus- C1-C5
141
What is the function of the phrenic nucelus?
Motor to diaphragm
142
What is the function of the spinal accessory nucelus?
Motor to SCM and Trapezius
143
Which lamina is located in the area of the gray commissure?
Lamina 10
144
Which laminae do dorsal rootlet fibers terminate in mostly?
Laminae 1-6
145
Which laminae make up the dorsal horn?
Laminae 1-6
146
Which lamina is the motor neurons of ventral horn?
Lamina 9
