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Flashcards in Neuroanatomy revision Deck (20)
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1
Q

What is located in the dorsal horn in the spinal cord?

A

Cell bodies of interneurones

2
Q

What is located in the lateral horn in the spinal cord?

A

Visceral (autonomic) motor cell bodies (T1-L2 segments sympathetic, S2-4 parasympathetic)

3
Q

What is located in the ventral horns in the spinal cord?

A

Somatic motor cell bodies (voluntary movement)

4
Q

How do the cervical spinal nerves leave the spinal cord?

A
  • There are 7 cervical vertebra but 8 cervical spinal nerves • C1 passes above C1 (between C1 and occipital nerve)
  • C8 passes between C7 and T1
5
Q

What level does the spinal cord end at?

A

L1-L2 vertebral level

6
Q

How can you test to see if there is a peripheral nerve impairment?

A
  • Knee reflex: L3/L4
  • Ankle reflex: S1
  • L5: extend the big toe under pressure
7
Q

Which space is the CSF in?

A

The subarachnoid space (between the Pia mater and arachnoid mater)

8
Q

What is the blood supply of the spinal cord?

A
  • Paired posterior spinal arteries
  • Anterior spinal artery
  • Radicular arteries
  • The great anterior medullary artery of Adamkiewicz
9
Q

What forms the posterior spinal arteries?

A

Vertebral artery or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery

10
Q

What forms the anterior spinal artery?

A

Contributing branches of each vertebral artery

11
Q

What forms the radicular arteries?

A

• Aorta -> intercostal arteries -> segmental spinal arteries -> radicular arteries

12
Q

What forms the great anterior medullary artery of Adamkiewicz?

A

Arises from the aorta in the lower thoracic or upper lumbar vertebral levels

13
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the spinal cord

A
  • Internal vertebral venous plexus in the epi/extra dural space (between the dura and vertebra)
  • Doesn’t have any valves- pressure gradients permit flow
14
Q

What does the internal vertebral venous plexus communicate with?

A
  • Cranial dural venous sinuses

* Pelvic veins

15
Q

What is the vertebral disc composed of?

A
  • Inner nucleus pulposus

* Outer anulus fibrosus

16
Q

Describe the withdrawal reflex

A
  • A stimulus (e.g. pain) is detected by A delta and C fibres in the skin
  • These synapse with alpha motor neurones of the flexor muscle of the limb in which the stimulus was detected
  • At the same time, extensor muscles are inhibited through an interneurone - the result being very quick withdrawal (flexion) of the limb
17
Q

Describe upper motor neruones

A
  • neuron bodies in the cortex
  • Most of the neurones cross over in the lower medulla
  • Descend in the lateral column as the lateral corticospinal tract
  • Synapse with LMN in the anterior horn
18
Q

Where are the neuron bodies of the lower motor neurone

A

In the anterior horn

19
Q

Upper motor neurone lesion

A
  • Hypertonia
  • Hyperflexia
  • Abnormal reflex (Babinski)
20
Q

Lower motor neurone lesion

A
  • Hypotonia
  • Hyporeflexia/areflexia
  • Fasciulaitons
  • Atrophy/ wasting of muscles