Neuroanatomy - S&F II

Question 0

Infratentorial rumors

Answer 0

More common in infant/children

Question 1

Supratentorial rumors

Answer 1

More common in adults

Question 2

Dura Between the two hemispheres of cerebellum

Answer 2

Falx cerebelli

Question 3

Supratentorial lesion can cause which vein to be compromised and impede venous outflow of blood from brain and or cause hemorrhage

Answer 3

Great cerebral vein of Galen

Question 4

What veins converge at the confluence of sinuses?

Answer 4

1. Superior sagittal
2. Straight sinus
3. Two transverse sinuses.

Question 5

Two functions of venous sinus

Answer 5

1. Venous drainage of blood from brain

2. Return of CSF to general systemic circulation.

Question 6

Contents of subarachnoid space include

Answer 6

1. Trabeculae
2. CSF
3. Blood vessels

Question 7

Enlarged subarachinoid spaces where pools of CSF form

Answer 7

Cistern

Question 8

CSF is found in three places

Answer 8

1. Subarachinoid space
2. Cisterns
3. Ventricles (lateral and 4th)

Question 9

Space in which vessels entering the brain lie in. It is made up of pia and subarachinoid space

Answer 9

Virchow-robin space

Question 10

Meninges that covers brain cortex, internal ventricles and choroid plexus

Answer 10

Pia

Question 11

Choroid plexus are made up of what type of cell?

Answer 11

Ependymal/ cuboidal epithelium cells

Question 12

Normally CSF is clear and colorless with the following characteristics

Answer 12

Protein ~ 15-45mg/100ml
Glucose ~ 2/3rd blood glucose level; non-diabetic ~40-80mg/100ml
Cells 0-5 mononuclear lymphocytes per mm^3
Pressure ~ 50-150 mm water
Volume ~ 125-175 mls

Question 13

Flow of CSF a in brain

Answer 13

1. Lateral ventricle 1
2. Septum pellucidum, inter ventricular foramen of Monroe
3. Lateral ventricle 2
4. 3rd ventricle
5. Aqueduct of Sylvius
6. 4th ventricle
7. Foramina of luschka
8. And Foramen of megendie
9. Subarachinoid space

Question 14

CPP = ICP - MABP

Answer 14

As ICP increases, CPP decreases

Question 15

Herniation of the cingulate gyrus under the fall cerebri

Answer 15

Subfalcine shifts

Question 16

Medial part of the temporal lobe

Answer 16

Uncus

Question 17

Symptoms of uncal/transtentorial herniation

Answer 17

1. Decreased level of consciousness
2. Dilation of the pupil on the side of the herniation
3. Fixed pupil on the side of the herniation

Question 18

Symptoms of tonsillar/transforamina herniation

Answer 18

1. Unconscious or rapidly decreasing level of consciousness

2. Abnormalities in heart rate and breathing

Question 19

Aneurysm of arteries in subarachinoid space ex berry aneurysm

Answer 19

Subarachinoid hemorrhage

*90% in anterior part of artery

Question 20

Cardinal Symptoms of subarachinoid hemorrhage

Answer 20

1. Sudden onset of sever headache (usually during exertion)
2. Nuchal rigidity (stiff neck)
3. Altered level of consciousness

*on CT crab of death

Question 21

Most life-threatening head fracture occurs

Answer 21

Base of skull

*can cause leakage of CSF from nose or ears

Question 22

Epidural hematoma

Answer 22

Lens shaped hematoma on CT
Tear of dura from bone
Fracture to pterion side of skull
Tear middle meningeal artery
Most commonly affects area 4 of brain

Question 23

Symptoms of epidural hematoma

Answer 23

1. Initial concussion
2. lucidity
3. Unconsciousness

Question 24

Subdural hematoma

Answer 24

1. Bleeding of bridging veins between the dura and arachnoid space 2. Crescent shape hematoma on CT/MRI 3. Occurs from anterior-posterior displacement of brain 4. Common in elderly

Question 25

Bruise of the surface of the brain

Answer 25

Contusion

Question 26

Concussion also known as

Answer 26

Mild traumatic brain injury Linked to development of Alzheimer's and ALS

Question 27

Head trauma caused by repeated mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), prevalent among professional athletes

Answer 27

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Question 28

Blockage of fluid flow from ventricles to subarachnoid space

Answer 28

Non-communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus

Question 29

Hydrocephalus caused by increased production or reduced absorption of CSF

Answer 29

Communicating/non-obstructive hydrocephalus *this can be a potentially life threatening secular to meningitis

Question 30

Symptoms of meningitis/lepomeningitis

Answer 30

1. Lethargy 2. Nuchal rigidity 3. Severe headache 4. Fever 5. Increased Sensitivity to light and sound 6. Muscle twitching 7. Vomiting * complication - formation of dense adhesions between pia and arachnoid - communicating hydrocephalus

Question 31

Swelling of the brain is called

Answer 31

Encephalitis