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PMHNP > Neurobiology > Flashcards

Neurobiology Flashcards

1
Q

Brainstem, Pons, Medulla Oblongata : The reptilian brain

A
  • Regulates levels of arousal

* PTSD, psychosis

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2
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Regulates emotions: Fear, rage, sexual desire

* PTSD, Panic

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3
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Converting short term memory into log term memory
  • Learning
  • PTSD, alzheimers, major depression
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4
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Relay station for sensory information
  • Influences affect
  • Schizophrenia
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5
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • Controls basic needs: eating, drinking, temperature, sleep-wake
  • Depression, anxiety, violence
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6
Q

The Limbic System

A
  • The emotional brain

* Amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary, thalamus, cingulate gyrus

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7
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • The thinking brain
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
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8
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Executive function
  • Orbitofrontal region, anterior cingulate: human love
  • Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala: emotional regulation and processing
  • Medial pre-frontal cortex: reward system
  • Schizophrenia, bipolar, ADHD, anxiety
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9
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Sensory information
  • involved with processing tactile, and proprioceptive information, comprehension of language
  • Aphasia, agnosia, apraxia
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10
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • Vision, visual memory, language formation

* Vision loss, visual hallucinations

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11
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • Process auditory information
  • Provides emotional context to emotions
  • Auditory hallucinations in depression, mania, schizophrenia
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12
Q

Dopamine: Mesolimbic Pathways

A
  • Reward oriented
  • Mood disorders, psychosis, positive symptoms of schizophrenia, drug abuse
  • All antipsychotics block DA receptors, specifically D2 in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway
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13
Q

Dopamine: Nigrostriatal pathway

A
  • Voluntary and involuntary movements

* First generation antipsychotics can cause blockade of D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal pathways which can lead to EPS

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14
Q

Dopamine: Mesocortical pathway

A
  • Cognition, planning, behavior

* Deficient mesocortical DA pathway causes negative symptoms of schizophrenia

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15
Q

Dopamine: Tuberinfundibular pathway

A
  • Extends to the pituitary where prolactin is regulated

* Medications that disrupt the tuberoinfundibular pathway can cause elevated prolactin and galactorrhea (resperidone)

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16
Q

Noradrenergic System

A
  • Epinephrine: mostly in the peripheral nervous system
  • Norepinephrine: attention, vigilance, fight or flight, learning, speeds up heart
  • NE neurons innervate the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, areas of importance to anxiety and worry
  • Mood disorders, GAD, ADHD, panic, PTSD
  • Psychostimulants increase NE and DA
  • Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine inhibitor
17
Q

Serotonin

A
  • affects sleep, reduces aggression, inhibits behavior
  • 90% of serotonin receptors in gut
  • Dysregulation results in irritability, anxiety, depression
  • Some SGAs block 5-HT2 receptors balancing the action of DA
18
Q

Histamine

A
  • Can be excitatory or inhibitory
  • Thought to modulate arousal, feeding, and neuroendocrine responsiveness
  • Widely distributed within the CNS, high levels in the thalamus, cortex, and cerebellum
  • H1 receptor antagonism causes antipsychotic sedation and weight gain
19
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Found through the brain
  • Excitatory
  • N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor
20
Q

Gamma-aminobutyri acid (GABA)

A
  • Inhibitory
  • Plays a role in anxiety
  • Benzos act on GABA receptors
21
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • Neuromodulator inside the brain
  • Deterioration of the brain in the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus decreases ACh concentrations
  • Cognition, arousal, attention, motivation
  • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors prevent the breakdoen of ACh (donepezil)
22
Q

Dopamine Pathway

A
  • Ventral Tegmental, nucleus accumbens, mesolimbic, tuberinfundibular, nigrostriatal, mesocortical
  • Reward, pleasure, motor function, compulsion, perseveration
23
Q

Serotonin Pathway

A
  • Raphe nuclei, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum

* Mood, memory, sleep, cognition

PMHNP (19 decks)

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