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Neurobiology Flashcards

Contains Neurobiology 1, Neurobiology 2 (104 cards)

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1
Q

What does the CNS contain?

A

The Brain and Spinal cord

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2
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

A

Cranial nerves
spinal nerves

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3
Q

What starts a nervous system reaction?

A

Stimulus

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4
Q

What detect stimuli?

A

Sensory receptors

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5
Q

What nervous system takes information from the sensory receptors?

A

The peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

What are afferent signals?

A

Signals sent by the peripheral nervous system to the cns as a result of stimuli

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7
Q

What completes the steps of integration and processing of a stimulus?

A

The CNS

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8
Q

What are efferent signals?

A

Signal sent away from the brain (CNS) towards to peripheral nervous system to respond to stimuli

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9
Q

What are the two possible responses in result to stimuli?

A

Muscle Contraction
Gland secretion

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10
Q

What is a neural plate?

A

The thickening of the ectoderm during the nervous system development

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11
Q

What is the name of the tube that is formed following the folding of the neural plate?

A

A neural tube develops, will become the CNS eventually

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12
Q

What do the cells at the edge of the neural plate become?

A

The neural crest

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13
Q

What will the neural crest become following development?

A

The peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

Another name for prosencephalon

A

Forebrain

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15
Q

What part of the CNS develops rapidly and surround the other parts of the neural tube?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

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16
Q

Another name for the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

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17
Q

What are the ridges of the cerebral cortex?

A

Gyri

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18
Q

What are the grooves in the cerebral cortex?

A

Sulci

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19
Q

Why does the cerebral cortex have folds?

A

In many animals, the prosencephalon outgrows the space and folds in on itself

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20
Q

What does a neuroepithelial cell become?

A

Multipotential Stem Cell

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21
Q

What are the two cells that multipotential stem cells become when the nervous system is developing?

A

Glial progenitor or neuronal progenitor

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22
Q

What does the neuronal progenitor become?

A

It develops into a neuron

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23
Q

What is the cell that becomes a neuron called?

A

Neuroblasts

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24
Q

What is the function of the ependymal cell?

A

To give fluid to nourish the neuron

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25
What are the astrocytes to neurons?
Nurses to neurons
26
What does the oligodendrocyte cell do?
Provide insulation to the neuron
27
What is the functional cell of the nervous system?
The neuron
28
What are the 4 components of the neuron?
Cell body or soma, dendrites, axon, and axon terminal
29
What is the purpose of the cell body of a neuron?
ATP production and protein synthesis
30
What do dendrites do?
Receive incoming signals
31
What does the axon do?
Conduct outgoing signals
32
What happens in the axon terminal?
A neurotransmitter is released which binds to receptors on adjacent neuron, muscle, or gland, cell
33
What is the site of interaction between the cells?
The synapse
34
What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory, motor, and interneurons
35
What does the sensory neuron do?
Detects environments stimuli and relay information to the CNS
36
Where are sensory neurons found?
The cell bodies are outside of the CNS
37
What does a motor neuron do?
Relay information from the CNS to the effector organs
38
What are the effector organs?
Muscles and glands
39
Where are the interneurons located?
The cell bodies are located inside the CNS
40
What are interneurons for?
Facilitate communication between neurons
41
Where are the interneurons located?
Completely in the CNS
42
What type of neuron is the most common?
Interneurons
43
What does unipolar mean in terms of neurons?
The have one main process
44
What does bipolar mean?
They have the soma evenly between the dendrite and axon
45
What does pseudounipolar mean in terms of neurons?
They have the soma further away from the dendrites but not as far away as bipolar neurons
46
What type of neuron is a motor neuron?
An efferent neuron, and unipolar
47
What type of neuron is an interneuron?
Bipolar
48
What type of neuron is a sensory neuron?
Pseudounipolar and afferent
49
What parts of neurons are in grey matter?
Cell bodies and dendrites
50
What parts of neurons are in white matter?
Axons
51
Why are axons white?
The myelin that surrounds the axons is white
52
In slides of brain tissue that are dyed, what color is white matter?
Blue
53
In slides of brain tissue that are dyed, what color is grey matter?
Pink
54
What type of neuronal signaling is between neurons?
Chemical
55
What type of neuronal signaling is inner neuron?
Electrical
56
What type of neuron is between the sensory cell and the CNS? Afferent or Efferent
Afferent
57
What type of neuron is between the CNS muscle or gland after stimuli is applied? Afferent or efferent?
Efferent
58
What is the natural resting membrane potential? What are the charges in the neuron and outside the neuron?
More negative inside the cell More positive outside the cell
59
What cells have a resting membrane potential?
Muscle cells and nerve cells
60
How is the concentration of ions maintained in the neuron?
It's maintained by a pump that brings K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell
61
What is a voltage gated ion channel?
It opens to allow the movement of Na+ and K+ through the cell membrane
62
How does the charge change when Na+ is added into the cell?
The cell becomes less negative
63
How does the charge change when K+ is removed from the cell?
The cell becomes more negative
64
Where is a ligand gated ion change going to be the most important?
In the synapse between cells
65
What is used to open the ligand gated ion channel?
Ligand, typically neurotransmitters
66
What is depolarization?
The resting membrane potential becomes less negative
67
How does depolarization occur?
Positive ions flow into the cell or negative ions flow out of the cell
68
What is hyperpolarization?
The resting membrane potential becomes more negative
69
How does hyperpolarization occur?
Positive ions flow out of the cell or negative ions flow into the cell
70
What are two excitatory neurotransmitters?
Acetylcholine and glutamate
71
What are two inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Gaba and glycine
72
What are the two types of glia cells?
Macroglia and microglia
73
What types of neurons are considered macrglias?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells
74
What type of cells are microglia cells?
Phagocytic cells
75
Where do microglias derived from in embryonic development?
The precursors in yolk sac
76
What are the shape of astrocytes?
Star shaped
77
What are the 5 functions of astrocytes?
Structural support, take up excess K+, foot processes, store glycogen, produce glutamate
78
Where do astrocytes play a pivotal role in the nervous system?
The blood brain barrier
79
What is glutamate used as?
A neurotransmitter
80
What's a funny way to think of astrocytes to neurons?
They are neurons' servants
81
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
They insulate CNS neuron axons with myelin
82
How many axons can 1 oligodendrocyte insulate?
50
83
What type of brain matter are oligodendrocytes located?
In the grey AND white matter
84
What is different between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?
Schwann cells are present in the peripheral nervous system while oligodendrocytes are located in the CNS
85
How many axon cell does 1 Schwann cell insulate?
1 axon cell
86
What event do Schwann cells play an important role in?
The regeneration of peripheral nerve cells following injury
87
What cells line the ventricles and central canal of the brain?
Ependymal cells
88
What are ventricles filled with?
Fluid, specifically CSF
89
What two parts form the choroid plexus?
Specialized ependymal cells and blood vessels
90
What does the specialized ependymal cells and blood vessels make?
Cerebral spinal fluid
91
What are microglia derived from?
Precursors in yolk sac
92
What do microglia cells do?
Complete phagocytosis of neural tissue
93
What two parts form the proscenphalon?
Telencephalon and the diencephalon
94
What composes the telencephalon?
The cerebral cortex and hippocampus
95
What ventricle is located in the telencephalon?
Lateral ventricles
96
What composed the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
97
What ventricle is located in the diencephalon?
The third ventricle
98
What is located in the mesencephalon?
The mesencephalic aqueduct
99
What two parts form the rhombencephalon?
The metencephalon and myelencephalon
100
What composes the metencephalon?
The pons and cerebellum
101
What ventricle can be found in the rhombencephalon?
The fourth ventricle
102
What composes the myelencephalon?
The medulla
103
What part of the ventricle system is located in the spinal cord?
The central canal
104

Normal Animal (3 decks)

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