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PSYCHIATRY > NeuroBiology > Flashcards

NeuroBiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Appetitive system?

A
  • how the brain would react to a pleasurable stimuli

- to mediate SEEKING and APPROACH behaviours

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2
Q

What anatomical fts are involved in the Appetitive system?

A
  • ascending DOPAMINE systems
  • dorsal striatum (movement)
  • amygdala (emotions)
  • anterior cingulate (attention/conflict)
  • orbitofrontal cortex
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3
Q

Connection to the frontal lobe cortex is intended to ______

A

bring about reaction to an external stimuli

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4
Q

What is the aversive system?

A
  • it functions to PROMOTE survival in the event of THREAT
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5
Q

What anatomical fts. of the brain is involved in the Aversive System?

A
  • ascending SEROTONIN systems
  • amygdala (central nucleus)
  • HIPPOCAMPUS
  • VA and M hypothalamus
  • periaqueductal grey matter
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6
Q

What NTs are involved in the aversive system?

A
  • Noradrenaline
  • CRF
  • Peptide
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7
Q

How are the systems involved in Depression?

A
  • the altered sensitivity of the brain’s Appetitive system in understanding REWARDs and cues as pleasure
  • failure to predict rewards
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8
Q

How are the systems involve in Anxiety?

A
  • altered sensitivity of brain systems evaluating THREAT and CUES predicting danger in an environmen
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9
Q

Why are mood d.os often diagnosed later in adulthood

A
  • it is confused with NORMAL teenage bhaviour, drug use or other psychiatric illnesses
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10
Q

What is the best mode of action for mood disorders?

A
  • early treatment and episode PREVENTION

- better that responding to each new episode

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11
Q

When is depression likely to peak?

A

-in young childhoos and early adulthood

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12
Q

Why may mood disorders be recurrent?

A
  • abnormal BRAIN development#
  • Genetic effects
  • endocrine/metabolic causes
  • ADVERSE life events (TRAUMA, BAD childhood)
  • psychological resilience
  • CULTURAL stigma
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13
Q

What occurs with accumulation of the NT ?

A

-inflammation of the BRAIN or CHANGE in the brain activity mode

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14
Q

Excess of NT is said to be the cause of depression?

A
  • ACh
  • Substance P
  • CRH - stress hormone
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15
Q

Deficiency of what NT may bring about DEPRESSION?

A
  • NE
  • 5-HT
  • GABA
  • BDNF
  • somatostatin
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16
Q

What changes occur with Serotonin in Depression?

A
  • decreased binding of serotonin to the receptors in CORTICAL REGIONS
  • reduction in reuptake of serotonin
17
Q

What occurs with decreased NE neurotransmission?

A
  • Anergia
  • Anhedonia
  • decreased Libido
18
Q

What is the link between depression and psychosis?

A
  • dopamine NT
19
Q

What is the role of Dopamine in addiciton?

A
  • when you like something, the pleasurable stimuli is PICKED up by the Appetitive system
  • dopamine is the MAIN NT in this system
20
Q

What is GABA known to do?

A
  • principle NT in mediating NEURAL inhibition (stops the MISFIRING of neurones)
21
Q

What is the role of BENZOS and Anti-depressants with GABA?

A
  • benzos INCREASE GABA levels

- anti-depressants UPREGULATE gaba receptors

22
Q

What occurs in an intact HPA axis? (3)

A
  • CRF relased by the Hypothalamus
  • triggers release of ACTH from the PITUITARY
  • ACTH acts on the adrenocortical cells and CORTISOL is released from the glands
23
Q

What is the role of CORTISOL in the body?

A
  • prepares body for fight or flight

- said to RAISE blood glucose levels

24
Q

What occurs if the negative feedback of Cortisol is impaired?

A
  • continual ACTIVATION of the HPA axis> excess CORTISOL release
25
Q

Excessive cortisol in the body may DE-SENSITIZE the cortisol receptors.

What implications does this have?

A
  1. Increased activity of pro-inflammatory IMMUNE mediators
  2. Disturbances in the NT transmission

==> REDUCTION in the THRESHOLD for ANXIETY
and shrinking of the brain`

26
Q

Which NT system in the brain is said to be greatly affected by adverse childhood experiences?

A
  • Norepinephrine System

- —adverse childhood produce

27
Q

Why do 80% of the patients have recurrences of major depressive episodes?

A

because Serotonin function is ABNORMAL before, during and after depression

28
Q

Which serotonin receptor is widely found through out the brain?

A

5-HT1A

29
Q

How is anxiety proven to cause depression?

A
  • studies in Animals have shown the administration of corticosteroids will REDUCE the hippocampal 5-HT1A receptor sites in
  • explains the depression arising from anxiety
30
Q

What is the role of NE is individuals who have been depressed before?

A
  • they experience a depletion in NE (not normal) —already very few NE neurones in the brain
  • therefore triggering DEPRESSION in recovered patients
31
Q

What occurs with the HYPOFUNCTION of the DOPAMINE system?

A

they would LOSE pleasure and interest

32
Q

What occurs with the 2 specific NTs in Depression and Mania?

A
  • deficient SEROTONERGIC Neurotransmission

- > causes GABA deficit

33
Q

Mania is said to involve increased activity of which 2 NTs?

A
  • NE and DA activity
34
Q

Since GABA deficiency is a factor in depression and MANIA…what 2 classes of drugs may be useful mood stabilizers?

A
  • anti-convulsants

- anti-psychotics

PSYCHIATRY (32 decks)

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