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SLEEP 3320 > Neurobiology of sleep > Flashcards

Neurobiology of sleep Flashcards

1
Q

EEG records the difference in electrical conductivity between single neurons
T/F

A

False - signal from single neurons is too small to detect, so use a summation of several neurons in an area

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2
Q

________ neurons produce the strongest EEG signal because they are aligned and fire together

A

Pyramidal neurons

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3
Q

Before the invention of EEG, sleep was studied by_______

A

Observing behaviour

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4
Q

Bremer thought that sleep was caused by_______and found MISLEADING evidence for this__________

A

Sleep caused by a loss of consciousness;
cut top of mid brain - lost all sensory input, low EEG –> deep sleep state;
Cut top of spinal cord - kept some sensory input = conscious

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5
Q

Van economo (1930) found that the hypothalamus was a critical structure for sleep; person with insomnia is likely to have ________ whereas someone with day time sleepiness will likely have______

A

Insomnia - injury to the anterior hypothalamus

Sleepiness - injury to posterior hypothalamus

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6
Q

The hypothalamus is located in the________

A

midbrain

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7
Q

the thalamocortical loop involves ________ and moderates ________cycle

A 
reticular formation (mid brain) + thalamus + cx 
sleep wake
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8
Q

Why are we less responsive during sleep compared to wake states?

A

Wake state has regular, rhythmic action –> more obvious when an external stimuli disrupts it. Whereas when it is in sleeping state, the rhythm is ALREADY disrupted = we are less likely to be conscious of another disruption

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9
Q

The ascending activation system consists of 2 networks__________

A

Cholinergic system + monoaminergic system

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10
Q

The cholinergic system regulates ____________

A

is responsible for the RHYTHMICITY, activation causes EEG DE-synchrony

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11
Q

The monoaminergic system is responsible for_________

A

Providing many inputs to the cortex to KEEP IT IN WAKE STATE

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12
Q

What are the 4 major monoaminergic inputs of the ascending activation system?

A

DA
5-HT
Histamines
Norepinepherine

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13
Q

In studies of arousal / cogmntive function the NT looked at MOST is;

a) DA
b) 5-HT
c) Norepinepherine
d) GABA

A

C - norepinepherine

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14
Q

NA is generated WHERE? and is released when encountering______

A

Locus coeruleus; when faced with stressor NA gets released = incr arousal

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15
Q

A lesion to the locus coeruleus will make Jimmy_________

A

Have INCR slow wave sleep + less aroused

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16
Q

Like NA, 5-HT is _________in wake state, _____ in NREM, and _______in REM

A

Wake - highly active
NREM - less
REM - off

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17
Q

5-HT are produced in _________

A

Raphe nuclei

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18
Q

SSRI’s affect sleep by_________

A

inhibiting reuptake of 5-HT –> INCR wakefulness + decease REM

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19
Q

Antihistamines affect sleeping cycle

T/F

A

FALSE - only affect sleep LATENCY, not sleep itself = affect waking cycle

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20
Q

Histamines are created WHERE?

A

tuberomammillary neurons

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21
Q

where is DA created?

A

Substantia nigra

Ventral tegmental area

22
Q

INCORRECT one is;

a) DA is concentrated in the substantia nigra
b) DA neurons don’t change firing rate across sleep/wake cycles
c) that DA increases when person stays awake for long periods
d) modafinil - drug acting on ]DA-ergic system improves cognitive function in sleep deprived clients

A

A - DA is widespread across the brain

23
Q

Lesion to the input areas for the thalamocortical loop will induce sleep T/F

A

FALSE - they are all important for wakefulness but are not CAUSALLY linked –> can induce sleepiness, but NOT sleep

24
Q

UNTRUE about orexin;

a) it is important for stabilisation of wakefulness
b) it is synthesised in the thalamus
c) destruction of orexin p/way causes devastating effects ion wakefulness
d) is important for metabolism / eating

A

B - is synthesised in the lateral HYPOTHALAMUS

25
Q

What evidence d we have for role of orexin in wakefulness? metabolism?

A

Wakefulness - orexin / its receptors are DEFICIENT in those with narcolepsy
metabolsim - those with narcolepsy eat LESS but have a greater BMI –> linked

26
Q

Orexin is associated with _________ wakefulness behaviours

A

Reward system + food seeking

27
Q

Lesion to the lateral hypothalamus induces sleep

T/F

A

False - orexin not CAUSALLY linked, will only make you SLEEPY

28
Q

What is meant by an ‘ascending neural system?

A

Info goes up into more complex areas of the brain to generate wakefulness

29
Q

Why do we have SEVERAL wake systems instead of ONE universal one?

A

Bc being ‘awake’ is not in itself a function for survival, we need to seek reward, seek food, reproduce, etc., = separate systems for each goal

30
Q

Cholinergic system involves LTD+PPT, these are both ______during wake/REM states and _______ during NREM

A

ACTIVE in wake/REM

Low in NREM

31
Q

Blocking cholinergic neurons with drugs causes________

A

cholinergic neurons send signal for AROUSAL –> blocking with drugs = induce sleep

32
Q

the updated version of the wake system’s BACKBONE involves which NT’s?
Destcruction of these areas will be_________

A

GABA (inh-ory)
glutamate (exc-ory)
DA
Destruction = INDUCE SLEEP

33
Q

The wake system has 4 major systems;

A

a) cholinergic system
b) monoaminergic system
c) orexinergic system
d) backbone

34
Q

We have 3 major sleep centres_________

A

1) ventralateral preoptic area (VLPO)
2) median preoptic nucleus
3) parafacial zone

35
Q

INCORRECT about VLPO is;

a) it is the on/off switch for sleep
b) it is located in the posterior hypothalamus
c) Lesion to VLPO decrease in REM sleep
d) has GABA + galanin projections that spread to all awake centres

A

B - it is located in the ANTERIOR hypothalamus. Is on during sleep –> if can’t turn it on = insomnia.

36
Q

There is no ‘switch’ for waking/sleeping state

T/F

A

FALSE - VLPO is sleep switch

37
Q

The media preoptic nucleus is related to ________ stgae of the 2 process model and has highest activation in ___________

A

Homeostatic sleep load, regulates sleep.

Highest activation in evening –> when sleep load HIGH, falls during sleep when sleep debt is paid off

38
Q

The parafacial zone works to inhibit_______ part of the wake system

A

the backbone

39
Q

The wake maintenance zone occurs when_________

A

the sleep load is at its highest so the circadian system fights it by peaking at this time = high alertness between 6/9pm

40
Q

Sleep regulation is governed by the actions of ___________

A

SCN - via indirect pathways (bc sends signals to sub par ventricular zone, DMH)

41
Q

If the SCN receives inhibitory input, the outcome will be_____

A

Inducing sleep bc DMH sneds inh signal –> GABA –> switching on VLPO = sleep

42
Q

If the SCN receives excitatory input, the outcome will be_____

A

DMH will send exc input to glutamate = orexinergic systems activate = WAKE state

43
Q

Why do we look for objective markers of sleepiness?

A

safety i.e. driving, work safety

44
Q

The two markers of heostatis sleep drive are_______

A

1) Adenosine levels in forebrain

2) SWS

45
Q

As the night progresses, we have ______SWS. The longer we are awake, the ______ we have SWS; therefore a nap will _______ the amount of SWS.

A

As the night progresses, we have LESS SWS. The longer we are awake, the MORE we have SWS; therefore a nap will DECREASE the amount of SWS.

46
Q

What does the synaptic homeostasis suggest about learning

A

We learn new stuff every day = make new synaptic connections
To incr efficiency, reduce space, SWS does SYNAPTIC DOWNSCALING to reduce number of connections
= reducing intensity of connections may actually STRENGTHEN important signals by reducing NOISE

47
Q

SWS occurs across all regions of the brain simultaneously T/F

A

FALSE - occurs in the areas used most that day, most SWS occurs in the PFC

48
Q

Local sleep refers to____________

A

Sleep occurring in ONE area of the brain and not another. May occur both in waking and sleeping states

49
Q

Sleep is a spatially and temporally uniform process

T/F

A

False

50
Q

Adenosine is a biomarker of SWA, it ______ during wakefulness and _______ in sleep.

A

RISE in day, FALLS in sleep.

Builds up during the day in forebrain

51
Q

Caffeine is an adonosine antagonist, this means_______

A

it takes up adenosine’s receptors and blocks their effect –> keeps you ALERT

52
Q

The Sleep promoting regions are________

A

VLPO, parafacial zone, Median preoptic area

SLEEP 3320 (8 decks)

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