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NEUROLOGY > NEUROCYTOLOGY > Flashcards

NEUROCYTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons and Glial cells derived from the ___________.

A

Neuroectoderm

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2
Q

Supporting structures of the nervous system derived from the __________.

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

The functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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4
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Signaling and Trophism are the most important function of the neurons?

A

TRUE

Other functions:
1. Generates and conducts electrical activity

  1. Transmits information throughout the N.S.
  2. Exerts long-term effects required for storage of information
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5
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Normal mature neurons do not proliferate, but they can undergo adaptive changes in response to injury?

A

TRUE

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6
Q

These supporting cells of Neuroectodermal origin comes from the greek word which means “glue”

A

Glial cells

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7
Q

This cells mainly glue together or support the neurons to make-up the nervous system

A

Glial cells

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8
Q

Consists of multiple tightly wrapped layers of plasma membrane that ensheathe large diameter axons.

A

Myelin

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9
Q

Form myelin sheaths in CNS (spinal cord and brain)

A

Oligodendrocytes

-In the CNS, processes from a SINGLE oligodendrocyte contribute to the myelin sheath of SEVERAL axons near the cell (1: many)

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10
Q

Form myelin sheaths in PNS (peripheral nerves and cranial nerves)

A

Schwann cells

-each Schwann cells interact w/ one axon (1:1) and contributes to the formation of a single internode.

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11
Q

star-like glial cells of the CNS

A

Astrocytes

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12
Q

Lie near both neurons and blood vessels

A

Astrocytes

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13
Q

maintains homeostasis and chemical microenvironment of the brain and spinal cord

A

Astrocytes

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14
Q

provide SELECTIVE BARRIER between the ventricular fluid and the brain substance

A

Ependymal cells

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15
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Ependymal cells form a single layer of ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells that lines the entire ventricular system

A

FALSE

Ependymal cells form a SINGLE layer of CILIATED COLUMNAR epithelial cells that lines the entire ventricular system

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16
Q

What are the 4 supporting cells in neuroectodermal in origin?

A

4 supporting cells in neuroectodermal in origin

  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. Schwann cells
  3. astrocytes
  4. ependymal cells
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17
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Microglia and Connective tissue cells are supporting cells of ectoderm origin?

A

FALSE

Microglia and Connective tissue cells are supporting cells of MESODERM origin

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18
Q

They are mesodermal cells of monocyte lineage that migrate into the CNS along with blood vessels from the mesoderm surrounding the neural tube.

A

Microglia

Remember M=M=M!
Mesoderm= Monocyte= microglia

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19
Q

They are mesodermal cells that are normally present in small numbers in the brain and spinal cord and only proliferate in response to injury

A

Microglia

They are mesodermal cells that are normally present in small numbers (physiologic state) and migrate in the CNS, proliferate to become scavenger cells/specialized macrophages, removing damaged tissues (pathologic state)

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20
Q

Meninges surrounding the CNS

A

Connective tissue cells:

Dura, pia and arachnoid

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21
Q

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the PNS

A

Epineurium, Perineurium and Endoneurium

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22
Q

They are collectively known as leptomeninges

A

Pia and Arachnoid

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23
Q

also known as Pachymeninx

A

Dura mater

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24
Q

it gives rise to the choroid plexus which produces CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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25
Q

Transient neurologic disorders that may primarily affect neuronal function alone (WITHOUT changes in the physical appearance of the cell)

A

Transient neurological disorders:

  • seizures
  • TIA (transient ischemic attacks) aka mild stroke
  • hypokalemic paralysis
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26
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Oxidative metabolism of glucose in the mitochondria is vital for cell survival in the N.S.

A

TRUE
Oxidative metabolism of glucose in the mitochondria is vital for cell survival in the N.S.

Both Oxygen and Glucose supply is needed

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27
Q

Most ATP consumptions of the nervous system is for fueling what?

A

NA-K ATPase pump

-to restore the ion gradient altered by excitatory neurotransmission and neuronal activity

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28
Q

Critical for preventing excessive accumulation of glutamate (synaptic space) and calcium ions (in the cytosol), both of which are toxic to cells

A

ATP

Critical for preventing excessive accumulation of glutamate (synaptic space) and calcium ions (in the cytosol), both of which are toxic to cells

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29
Q

NECROSIS/APOPTOSIS

abrupt ATP depletion

A

Necrosis

abrupt ATP depletion- hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and ischemia

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30
Q

NECROSIS/APOPTOSIS

slower ATP depletion

A

Apoptosis

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31
Q

The acute depletion of ATP leads to neuronal damage from excessive accumulation of _______.

A

L-glutamate

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32
Q

NECROSIS/APOPTOSIS

This process is called Excitotoxicity

A

Necrosis

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33
Q

NECROSIS/APOPTOSIS

Excessive mechanical strain

A

Necrosis

Excessive mechanical strain- traumatic injury

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34
Q

NECROSIS/APOPTOSIS

excessive neuronal energy demands

A

Necrosis

excessive neuronal energy demands- Status Epilepticus

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35
Q

A form of programmed cell death that is essential for normal development and tissue homeostasis

A

Apoptosis

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36
Q

3 Important triggers of Apoptosis.

A

3 Important triggers of Apoptosis:

  1. DNA mutations
  2. Inflammatory mediators
  3. Abnormal accumulation of intracellular proteins, and oxidative stress
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37
Q

Homeostatic process by which cells degrade its organelles to maintain balance between synthesis, degradation, and subsequent turnover

A

Autophagy

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38
Q

3 specific pathologic reactions of neurons

A

ISCHEMIC CELL CHANGE
CENTRAL CHROMATOLYSIS
NEURONAL INCLUSIONS

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39
Q

It is a specific pathologic reaction that is due to deprivation of oxygen and cessation of oxidative metabolism

A

Ischemic cell change

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40
Q

A change in neuronal cell bodies after severe injury to the axons.

A

Central Chromatolysis

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41
Q

Also called as axonal reaction

A

Central Chromatolysis

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42
Q

Occurs in the distal part of axon when the parent body is destroyed or separated from the axon by disease or injury

A

Wallerian Degeneration

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43
Q

Causes of Ischemic cell change (5)

A

Causes of Ischemic cell change (5)

  1. loss of blood flow
  2. lack of O2 in the blood
  3. lack of substrates necessary for oxidative metabolism
  4. Poison (cyanide)
  5. blocking oxidative metabolism
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44
Q

TRUE/FALSE

After several (2-5) minutes, cells will exhibit REVERSIBLE changes

A

FALSE

After several (2-5) minutes, respiratory chain processes on the inner mitochondrial membrane ceases–> ATP stores depleted–> impaired ion channels –> anaerobic glycolysis–> lactate production–> further inhibition of mitochondrial function–> IRREVERSIBLE changes

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45
Q

TRUE/FALSE

8-12 hours: the neurons become smaller; its outline more angular

A

TRUE

8-12 hours: the neurons become SMALLER; its outline MORE SHARPLY BLUNT

cytoplasm: eosinophilic
nucleus: shrinks and becomes darkly stained (irreversible) complete dissolution of the neuron (red, dead neuron)

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46
Q

Irreversible changes that ultimately lead to cell death

A
  • Excitotoxicity
  • Accumulation of intracellular Ca++
  • Generation fo free radicals
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47
Q

Unlike in the CNS, Wallerian degeneration occurs more rapidly in the peripheral nerves? true or false

A

TRUE

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48
Q

Impairment of axonal transport, disappearance of neurofibrils, and breaking up of axons into short fragments that will eventually disappear

A

Wallerian degeneration

  • Impairment of axonal transport
  • Disappearance of neurofibrils
  • Breaking up of axons into short fragments that will eventually disappear
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49
Q

Central Chromatolysis is seen in small motor cells. True or false?

A

FALSE

Center chromatolsysis is seen in LARGE motor cells:

  1. spinal ventral horn cells
  2. motor nuclei of cranial nerves
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50
Q

Central chromatolysis is reversible? true or false?

A

TRUE

can be restored in a few months

51
Q

Center chromatolysis begins how many days after injury?

A

2-3 DAYS; reaches maximum in 2-3 WEEKS

52
Q

cell is swollen, nucleus is eccentric, and Nissl granules have disappeared except at the periphery

A

Center Chromatolysis

Celll: swollen
Nucleus: eccentric
Nissl granules: disappeared except at the periphery

53
Q

consists of abnormal deposits of self aggregating misfolded proteins that are an important feature of several neurodegenerstive diseases

A

Filamentous inclusions

54
Q

Neuronal inclusions of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques are typical of this disease.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

  • Neurofibrillary tangles seen intranuclearly (tau proteins)
  • neuritic plaques (amyloid beta peptide)
55
Q

Cell loss and accumulation of Lewy bodies in dopaminergic neurons are characteristic of this disease

A

Parkinson’s disease

Lewy bodies- contains alpha-synuclein

56
Q

This is possible in PNS if the parent cell body survives but this does not occur in CNS.

A

Axonal regeneration

57
Q

Rate of remyelination in the peripheral nerves per day.

A

1-3 mm/day

58
Q

The reason why the CNS is not capable of axonal regeneration is because there is no basement membrane or collagen sheaths (endometrium) surrounding the nerves. True or false?

A

TRUE

CNS is NOT capable of axonal regeneration is because there is NO:

  • basement membrane OR
  • collagen sheaths (endometrium) surrounding the nerves.
59
Q

Oligodendroglia are capable of proliferation. True or false?

A

False

Oligodendroglia are INCAPABLE of proliferation

60
Q

Most common immune-related demyelinating disease

A

Multiple sclerosis

61
Q

Cytoplasmic inclusions consist of accumulations of alpha synuclein

A

Lewy bodies

-Identified as pale ‘halo’

62
Q

intranuclear inclusions of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

A

Cowdry type A

63
Q

Lewy body @cytoplasm

A

Parkison disease

64
Q

pick body @cytoplasm

A

Pick disease

65
Q

Lafora body @cytoplasm

A

Myoclonus epilepsy

66
Q

Negri body @cytoplasm

A

Rabies

67
Q

cowdry type A inclusion @ nucleus

A

Viral infections

68
Q

accumulation of metabolic products within the nerve cell

A

Storage cells

69
Q

Neuron in this lipid-storage disease: ballooning of cytoplasm with stored material, forcing the nucleus and Nissl granules to one corner of the cell

A

Tay-Sach disease

70
Q

2 pathologic reactions of oligodendroglia

A

2 pathologic reactions of oligodendroglia

  1. Demyelinating or Myelonoclastic diseases
  2. Leukodystrophies or dysmyelinating disease
71
Q

Pathologic reaction of oligodendroglia: NORMAL myelin is attacked by some exogenous agent, usually unknown, and broken down into its component lipids and absorbed

A

Demyelinating or Myelonoclastic diseases

ex. multiple sclerosis

72
Q

Pathologic reaction of oligodendroglia: myelin is ABNORMALLY formed owing to a genetically determined error in metabolism

A

Leukodystrophies or dysmyelinating disease

73
Q

2 pathologic reactions of Schwann Cells

A

2 pathologic reactions of Schwann Cells

  1. Segmental demyelination
  2. repeated demyelination and remyelination
74
Q

Pathologic reaction of Schwann cells:

immune-mediated disorders such as acute and chronic inflammatory neuropathies may produce segmental loss of myelin

A

Segmental Demyelination

ex. Guillain-Barre syndrome- Acute

75
Q

Pathologic reaction of Schwann cells:

  • Hereditary demyelinating neuropathies
  • Genetic disorders affecting peripheral nerves (mutations of genes encoding for peripheral myelin proteins)
A

repeated demyelination and remyelination

ex. Charcot Marie-Tooth disease or HSMN 1

76
Q

reflecting cycles of degeneration and regeneration of the myelin sheath in patient w/ hereditary sensory and motor peripheral neuropathy

A

Onion bulb formation

77
Q

2 types of astrocytes

A

Protoplasmic and Fibrillary

78
Q

Astrocytes predominantly in the gray and subcortical white matter

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

79
Q

shorter processes, less fibrils

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

80
Q

Astrocytes predominantly in the white matter

A

Fibrillary astrocytes

81
Q

longer processes, abundant fibrils

A

Fibrillary astrocytes

82
Q

TRUE/FALSE

In diseases, protoplasmic astrocytes may convert to fibrillary

A

TRUE

In diseases, protoplasmic astrocytes may convert to fibrillary

83
Q

Swollen astrocyte inside the brain such as in stroke.

A

Gemistocytic or hypertrophied astrocyte (“PLUMP”)

84
Q

Major function is the surveillance of and participation in immunologic processes

A

Microglial cells

85
Q

Rod cells, prominent in viral disease and parenchymal neurosyphilis, are distinguished by conspicuously hypertrophied rod-shaped nuclei

A

Activated microglia

ex. chronic encephalitis with neurosyphilis

86
Q

TRUE/FALSE

reactive microglial cells are prominent in chronic infections

A

TRUE

reactive microglial cells are prominent in chronic infections

87
Q

more likely to affect gray matter failure of Na-K pump

A

Cytotoxic Edema

  • occurs with HYPOXIA and metabolic disorders (ex.stroke)
  • primarily affects the GRAY and WHITE matter (CT scan: hypodensity areas
88
Q

loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier.

A

Vasogenic Edema

  • occurs with MASS or inflammatory disease
  • primarily affects the WHITE matter
89
Q

Vasogenic edema is predominantly in the gray matter. true or false?

A

false

Vasogenic edema is predominantly in the white matter

90
Q

Involving a single, circumscribed area or group of contiguous structures

A

Focal

91
Q

more than one circumscribed area or several noncontiguous structures

A

multifocal

92
Q

portions of the nervous system, in bilateral, symmetrical fashion

A

Diffuse

93
Q

development of symptoms in minutes

A

Acute

94
Q

development of symptoms within days

A

Subacute

95
Q

development of symptoms within weeks/months

A

Chronic

96
Q

symptoms have resolved completed after onset

A

Transient

97
Q

symptoms have decreased from their maximum but not have completely resolved

A

improving

98
Q

symptoms continue to increase in severity

A

progressive

99
Q

symptoms remain unchanged after reaching maximum severity

A

stationary

100
Q

Suggest progression of a focal lesion

A

mass lesion

ex. hematoma, neoplasm

101
Q

suggest when lesion is diffuse in location or when there is non-progressive focal abnormality

A

Non-mass lesion

ex. meningitis, encephalitis

102
Q

Acute and focal

A

vascular

infarct or intraparenchymal hgg.

103
Q

acute and diffuse

A

vascular

subarachnoid hgg., anoxia

104
Q

subacute and focal

A

inflammatory

abscess, myelitis

105
Q

subacute and diffuse

A

inflammatory

meningitis, encephalitis

106
Q

chronic and focal

A

neoplasm

107
Q

chronic and diffuse

A

degenerative

108
Q

chronic, progressive and diffuse

A

degenerative diseases

109
Q

gradual decrease in neuronal function

A

degenerative disease

110
Q

neurons shows specific changes

A

degenerative disease

111
Q

chronic, progressive, and focal

A

neoplastic changes

112
Q

Most common primary CNS tumors

A

Astrocytomas

113
Q

What is the most common infratentorial tumors in children?

A

cerebellar medulloblastoma

114
Q

TRUE/FALSE

in children, infratentorial tumors are common

A

TRUE

in children, infratentorial tumors are common

115
Q

TRUE/FALSE

in adults, infratentorial tumors are common

A

FALSE

in adults, supratentorial tumors are common

116
Q

two types of vascular disease

A

infarct and hemorrhagic

117
Q

various chemical agents, vitamin deficiencies, genetic biochemical disorders and encephalopathies of kidney and liver diseases

A

toxic-metabolic disease

118
Q

POST QUIZ QUESTION:

which cells proliferate in response to injury?

A

astrocytes

119
Q

POST QUIZ QUESTION:

which cells myelinate the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

120
Q

POST QUIZ QUESTION:

which does NOT produce physical changes in the cells?

a. demyelinating disease
b. infarction
c. neoplasm
d. TIA

A

d. TIA

121
Q

POST QUIZ QUESTION:

chronic progressive disease

A

degenerative disease

122
Q

POST QUIZ QUESTION:

capable of axonal regeneration?

a. brainstem
b. cerebrum
c. peripheral nerve
d. spinal cord

A

c. peripheral nerve

123
Q

POST QUIZ QUESTION:

which cells dissolve in response to injury/?

a. astrocytes
b. fibroblasts
c. oligodendrocytes
d. microglia

A

c. oligodendrocytes

124
Q

POST QUIZ QUESTION:

forms gliotic scars in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

NEUROLOGY (3 decks)

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