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Test 2 Mammalian Physio > Neurocytology and Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Neurocytology and Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Nervous system?

A

Control voluntary and involuntary actions and

brief responses to stimuli

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2
Q

What is the Endocrine system?

A

Adjusts metabolic operations and Directs long-term changes.

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3
Q

What does the Central Nervous System consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System consist of?

A

All neural tissue outside CNS
1. Sensory neurons
2. Motor neurons (somatic and
autonomic)

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5
Q

What are the two Functional divisions of nervous system?

A

Afferent and Efferent

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6
Q

What is Afferent?

A

Sensory information from receptors to CNS

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7
Q

What is Efferent?

A

Motor commands to muscles and glands

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8
Q

What does Efferent divided up into?

A

Somatic division and Autonomic division

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9
Q

What is Somatic division?

A

Voluntary control over skeletal muscle

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10
Q

What is Autonomic division?

A

Involuntary regulation of smooth and cardiac muscle, glands

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11
Q

What is an example of Functional divisions of nervous system?

A

You see (Sensory Receptors) –>Sensory input is Afferent –>Integration –> Motor Output (efferent) –> effector.

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12
Q

What is the Frontal Lobe in charge of?

A

Memory, Intelligence, Reasoning, Movement, Decision- Making, Mood, Personality.

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13
Q

What is parietal lobe in charge of?

A

Sensation, Language, reading, intelligence, reasoning, telling right from left.

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14
Q

What is the temporal lobe in charge of?

A

Memory, vision, speech, behavior, hearing, emotions.

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15
Q

What is the occipital lobe in charge of?

A

Vision

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16
Q

What is the cerebellum in charge of?

A

Balance, Coordination, Fine motor control.

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17
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A

left and right hemisphere cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon.

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18
Q

The brain stem serves as what?

A

On/Off switch to control cortical activity and consciousness.

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19
Q

Brain Stem and its associated cranial nerves do what?

A

control many stereotyped involuntary motor tasks.

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20
Q

What are the involuntary motor tasks that the brain stem and cranial nerves control?

A

Rhythmic breathing, heartbeat modulation, swallowing, sneezing, involuntary facial expressions.

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21
Q

What are the four major things that make up brain stem?

A

Diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla.

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22
Q

How many cranial nerve pairs are there?

A

12

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23
Q

What is the composition of the olfactory nerve?

A

Sensory Only

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24
Q

What are the functions of the olfactory nerve?

A

Olfaction aka smell

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25
Q

What is the composition of the optic nerve?

A

Sensory Only

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26
Q

What are the functions of the optic nerve?

A

Vision

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27
Q

What is the composition of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Motor and Sensory

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28
Q

What are the functions of the Oculomotor nerve?

A

Serves muscles of the eye.

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29
Q

What is the composition of the trochlear nerve?

A

Motor and Sensory

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30
Q

What are the functions of the trochlear nerve?

A

Serves the superior oblique eye muscle.

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31
Q

What is the composition of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Motor and Sensory

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32
Q

What are the functions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Sensory from face and mouth; motor to muscles of mastication (chewing)

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33
Q

What is the composition of the abducens?

A

Motor and Sensory

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34
Q

What are the functions of the abducens?

A

Serves the lateral rectus eye muscle.

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35
Q

What is the composition of the facial nerve?

A

Motor and Sensory

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36
Q

What are the functions of the facial nerve?

A

Serves the muscles of facial expression, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands.

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37
Q

What is the composition of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Sensory Only

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38
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Equilibrium and hearing.

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39
Q

What is the composition of the glossopharyngeal?

A

Motor and Sensory

40
Q

What are the functions of the glossopharyngeal?

A

Serves the pharynx (throat) for swallowing, posterior third of tongue, parotid salivary gland.

41
Q

What is the composition of the vagus nerve?

A

Motor and Sensory

42
Q

What are the functions of the vagus nerve?

A

Sensations from visceral internal organs, and parasympathetic motor regulation of visceral organs.

43
Q

What is the composition of the accessory nerve?

A

Motor and Sensory

44
Q

What are the functions of the accessory nerve?

A

Serves muscles that move head, neck, and shoulders.

45
Q

What is the composition of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Motor and Sensory

46
Q

What are the functions of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Serves Muscles of the tongue.

47
Q

How many nerve pairs does the spinal cord have?

A

32

48
Q

How many pairs of nerves does the cervical portion of the spinal cord have?

A

8 pairs

49
Q

How many pairs of nerves does the thoracic portion have?

A

12 pairs

50
Q

How many nerve pairs does the lumbar portion have?

A

5 pairs

51
Q

How many nerve pairs does Sacrrum have?

A

5 pairs

52
Q

How many nerve pairs does the coccyx have?

A

2 pairs

53
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Where neuron cell bodies are clustered, so it is where all synapses are.

54
Q

What is white matter?

A

Where trillions of axons are running between different part of CNS, in bundles of “tracts”
• Remember, tracts are in CNS, vs nerves in PNS

55
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

White is from the myelin sheaths

56
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Temporal, Occipital, Parietal, and Frontal lobe.

57
Q

what are Dorsal half of “H”?

A

Cell bodies of interneurons

58
Q

What are Ventral half of “H”?

A

Cell bodies of motor neurons

59
Q

What are the two types of cells in the brain?

A

Neurons and supporting cells known as neuroglia

60
Q

What type of neurons cells are in the PNS?

A
  • Schwann cells

* Satellite cells

61
Q

What type of neuron cells in the CNS?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
62
Q

Glial cells or neuroglia cells are known as what?

A

Nerve glue

63
Q

What is the main defining characteristic of neurons?

A

have the property of electrical excitability - ability to produce
action potentials or impulses in response to stimuli

64
Q

What are structural classification of neurons based on?

A

Based on number of processes found on cell body.

65
Q

What is the most common cell type in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Multipolar

66
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

Several dendrites and one axon

67
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

One main dendrite and one axon.

68
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

In retina, inner ear, & olfactory (interneuron)

69
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

one process only, sensory only (touch, stretch)

70
Q

Unipolar neurons develop from?

A

A bipolar neuron in the embryo.axon and dendrite fuse and then branch into 2 branches near the soma - both have the structure of axons (propagate APs) - the axon that projects toward the periphery = dendrites (Sensory neuron)

71
Q

Where are the Purkinje cells?

A

In the cerebellum

72
Q

Where are the Renshaw cells?

A

In the spinal cord

73
Q

What do Sensory (afferent) neurons?

A

transport sensory information from skin, muscles,

joints, sense organs & viscera to CNS

74
Q

What do Motor (efferent) neurons do?

A

send motor nerve impulses to muscles & glands

75
Q

What do Interneurons (association) neurons do?

A

connect sensory to motor neurons.

90% of neurons in the CNS

76
Q

What are the three main types of neurons?

A

Interneuron, Motor Neuron, and Sensory Neuron.

77
Q

How many neurons are there?

A

100 billion

78
Q

What is the magnification of glial cells to neurons?

A

10x more glial cells thant neuron

79
Q

What is important to know about glial cells?

A

do NOT generate electrical impulses,

divide by mitosis, two types in PNS, Four types in the CNS

80
Q

How do glial cells support neurons?

A

Provide physical support as well as nutrients.

81
Q

Who covers neurons with myelin?

A

Glial cells

82
Q

Cleans up debris, housewives are?

A

glial cells

83
Q

What are Satellite cells?

A

surround neuron cell body (Structural func2on, protec2ve

cells, supply nutrients, receptors to interact with neurons)

84
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Form myelin in PNS, maintain and protect neurons.

85
Q

What makes up myelin?

A

lipoprotein

86
Q

Myelin increases what?

A

speed of conduction, large axons

87
Q

Main function for myelin?

A

insulation and prevent leakage

88
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier?

A

Layers of spaces between cells.

89
Q

What happens in MS patients?

A

patches of myelin are destroyed in the brain and spinal cord; Maligant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (MPNSTs)

90
Q

What are the four CNS glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes.

91
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Involved in metabolism & synapse formation

92
Q

What do astrocytes look like?

A

Star shaped; the most numerous

93
Q

What are microglia?

A

Phagocytes

94
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Line the cavity of CNS and spinal cord; cilia

95
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce myelin sheaths in CNS

96
Q

Glial cells support neurons and do what?

A

maintain their environment

Test 2 Mammalian Physio (4 decks)

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