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Test 2 Mammalian Physio > Neuronal Synap-c Transmission > Flashcards

Neuronal Synap-c Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

Site of intercellular communica-on between 2 neurons or between a neuron and an effector.

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2
Q

How is information passed in neurons?

A

through synapse.

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3
Q

What is presynaptic?

A

Toward synapse

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4
Q

What is postsynaptic?

A

Away from the synapse.

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5
Q

What do most neurons function as?

A

Presynaptic and postsynaptic.

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6
Q

What is a synaptic cleft?

A

Tiny Gap

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7
Q

What can be blocked in its transmission?

A

Synapse

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8
Q

Synapse may be changed from a single impulse into what?

A

Repetitive impulse.

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9
Q

What is the basis of learning and memory?

A

Experience changes strength of synaptic connections.

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10
Q

What does Botulism toxin do?

A

Inhibits muscle contraction and blocks fusion of synaptic vesicles at the neuromuscular junction in motor neuron.

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11
Q

What is NMJ?

A

Neuromuscular junction

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12
Q

What are classic symptoms of botulism in adults?

A

double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness.

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13
Q

How do infants with botulism look?

A

lethargic, feed poorly, are cons-pated, and have a weak cry and poor muscle tone.

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14
Q

What are therapeutic uses of botox?

A 
Severe underarm swea-ng
Cervical dystonia - a neurological
disorder that causes severe neck and
shoulder muscle contrac-ons
Blepharospasm - uncontrollable
blinking
Strabismus - misaligned eyes
Chronic migraine
Overac-ve bladder
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15
Q

What are cosmetic uses of botox?

A

Temporary smoothing of facial wrinkles and improving your appearance.

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16
Q

Initiating neuron =

A

presynaptic neuron

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17
Q

Synapse has two internal structures important to the excitatory or inhibitory and they are?

A

Transmitter vesicles and mitochondria.

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18
Q

What are the transmitter vesicles?

A

Contain transmitter substance excitatory or inhibitory.

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19
Q

Mitochondria is used how?

A

Supplies ATP to synthesize neurotransmitter substance.

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20
Q

10,000 to 20,000 per minute synaptic knobs

A

presynaptic terminals

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21
Q

What percentage of presynaptic terminals lie on dendrites?

A

80-95%

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22
Q

2-20% lie on what?

A

presynaptic terminals on soma

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23
Q

What are the function of neurons based on?

A 
•  Size of cell body
•  The length, size , and number
of dendrites
•  The length and size of the
axon
•  The number of presynap-c
terminals
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24
Q

Receiving neuron =

A

postsynaptic neuron

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25
Q

Where are Receptor proteins found?

A

at the membrane in

two important components.

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26
Q

What are the two important components receptor proteins are found?

A

Binding component and Ionophore component.

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27
Q

What is the binding component?

A
  • protrudes outward from the membrane into the synap-c clee

- binds with the NT from the pre-synap-c terminal

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28
Q

What is the ionophore component?

A

Passes all the way through the membrane to the interior of the post-synap-c neuron

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29
Q

What are the two types of channels in the ionophore component?

A

Cation channels and Anion channels

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30
Q

What does the cation channel handle?

A

most often allow Na+ to pass, sometimes K+ or Ca++ (excitatory transmitter)

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31
Q

What does the anion channel handle?

A

allow mainly Chloride ions to pass, minute quantities of other anions (inhibitory transmigger)

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32
Q

What does the process requires prolonged changes in neurons?

A

The process of memory

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33
Q

How do you classify a synapse?

A

The action they produce on the post synaptic neuron- excitatory or inhibitory.

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34
Q

What is an excitatory synapse?

A

They secrete a substance that excites the post synaptic neuron

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35
Q

Excitatory synapse is in charge of what?

A

opening of Na+ channels, depressed conduction of chloride channels, and internal metabolism.

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36
Q

Opening Na+ channels allow what?

A

Large numbers of positive electrical charges to flow to the interior of the post synaptic cell.

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37
Q

What do chloride channels experience when it is in excitatory synapse?

A

Depressed conduction.

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38
Q

Inhibitory Synapse does what?

A

They secrete a substance that inhibit the post synaptic neuron.

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39
Q

What is responsible for opening chloride ion channels?

A

inhibitory synapse through the receptor molecule.

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40
Q

Inhibitory synapse activates what?

A

receptor enzymes that inhibit cellular metabolic functions

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41
Q

How many neurotransmitters have been identified?

A

more than 100

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42
Q

How do neurotransmitters make channels open?

A

binding on to receptors.

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43
Q

A second messenger system results in what?

A

Results in either excitation or inhibition of the target.

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44
Q

Where are neurotransmitter synthesized?

A

in the cytosol of the pre-synaptic terminal, absorbed by active transport into the vesicles.

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45
Q

How many classes of small molecule, rapidly acting transmitters?

A

4

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46
Q

What does class 1 consist of?

A

Acetylcholine

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47
Q

What does class 2 consist of?

A

Amines: norepinepherine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine.

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48
Q

What does class 3 consist of?

A

Amino Acids: Gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glycine, glutamate, aspartate

49
Q

What does class 4 consist of?

A

Nitric oxide

50
Q

ACh is short for?

A

Acetylcholine

51
Q

All neuromuscular junctions use what?

A

ACh

52
Q

Where is ACh released at?

A

Chemical synapses.

53
Q

ACh is released in chemical synapses where?

A

In the PNS and by some CNS neurons.

54
Q

ACh can be _______ at some synapses and _______ at others.

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

55
Q

What synthesizes ACh?

A

choline acetyltransferase

56
Q

What inactivates ACh?

A

enzyme acetylcholinesterase

57
Q

What exhibits powerful excitatory effects?

A

Amino acids: glutamate, aspartate & GABA

58
Q

Glutamate is the main what?

A

excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

59
Q

Amino acids stimulate what?

A

most excitatory neurons in the CNS about 1/2 neurons in brain

60
Q

What opens calcium channels?

A

binding of glutamate to receptors.

61
Q

What is EPSP?

A

Binding of glutamate to receptors opens calcium channels.

62
Q

What is GABA?

A

(gamma amino-butyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmi4er for 1/3 of all brain synapses

63
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine, dopamine (tyrosine)

64
Q

What is serotonin?

A

concentrated in neurons found in the brain region = raphe nucleus

65
Q

What is found in the raphe nucleus?

A

Serotonin

66
Q

What is derived from tryptophan?

A

Serotonin

67
Q

Serotonin is derived from what?

A

Tryptophan

68
Q

What is serotonin’s role?

A

sensory perception, temperature regulation, mood control, appetite, sleep
induction

69
Q

What gives you a feeling of well being?

A

Serotonin

70
Q

What is Norepinephrines role?

A

role in arousal, awakening, deep sleep, regulating mood.

71
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

adrenaline - fight or flight response

72
Q

What is responsible for flight or fight response?

A

epinephrine.

73
Q

What is dopamine?

A

emotional responses and pleasure, decreases skeletal muscle tone

74
Q

______ is widespread in both CNS and PNS

A

Neuropeptides

75
Q

Neuropeptides are excitatory as well as ?

A

inhibitory

76
Q

Neuropeptides act as what?

A

hormones elsewhere in the body.

77
Q

What are examples of neuropeptides?

A

Substance P, Endorphins, Enjephalins, dynorphins.

78
Q

When are endorphins released?

A

During stress, exercise

79
Q

what breaks down bradykinin?

A

endorphins

80
Q

What are bradykinin?

A

pain chemicals

81
Q

what do endorphins boost?

A

the immune system and slows the growth of cancer cells.

82
Q

What binds on to mu-opiod receptors?

A

endorphins

83
Q

Where are endorphins released?

A

By the neurons of the hypothalamus and by the cells of the pituitary.

84
Q

What are enkephalins?

A

analgesics

85
Q

What are analgesics?

A

enkephalins

86
Q

What does enkephalins break down?

A

bradykinins

87
Q

What is 200x strong than morphine?

A

enkephalins

88
Q

What type of effect does enkephalins have?

A

pain-relieving effect by blocking the release of substance P

89
Q

What are dynophins?

A

Regulates pain and emotions.

90
Q

What is important to know about acupuncture?

A

may produce loss of pain sensation.

91
Q

Why does acupuncture produce loss of pain sensation?

A

release of opioid like substances such as endorphins or dynorphins.

92
Q

What are hypothalamic releasing hormones that neuropeptides?

A

Thyrotropin, LHRH, and Somatostatin

93
Q

What are pituitary peptides?

A
  • ACTH
  • Β-endorphin
  • MSH
  • Prolactin
  • Thyrotropin
  • GH
  • ADH
  • oxytocin
94
Q

What are gut and brain neuropeptides?

A
  • Leucine enkephalin
  • Methionine enkephalin
  • Substance P
  • Gastrin
  • Cholecystokini
  • VIP
  • NGF
  • BDNF
  • Neurotensin
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
95
Q

What are neuropeptides from other tissues?

A
  • Angiotensin II, Bradykinin,

* Carnosine, Sleep peptides, Calcitonin

96
Q

Neuropeptides cause more prolonged actions such as?

A

small quanties are released but are more potent

97
Q

Neuropeptides are synthesized as what?

A

Integral parts of large- proteins molecules by the ribosomes in the neuronal cell body

98
Q

what happens to the vesicles of neuropeptides?

A

they are autolyzed

99
Q

How are neuropeptides removed?

A

By diffusion into the surrounding tissue, followed by enzymatic destruction.

100
Q

What does cytoplasmic fusion do?

A

Allow action potential to spread without impediment

101
Q

What is quick and easy?

A

Cytoplasmic fusion

102
Q

What does a chemical synapse produce?

A

Chemical intermediate neurotransmitter.

103
Q

Syncytial synapse?

A

Cells fuse- cytoplasmic continuity

104
Q

Electrical synapse?

A

Pre- and postsynaptic membranes in direct contact.

105
Q

In the chemical synapse the first neuron does what?

A

Secretes a chemical substance (neurotransmitter) as the synapse.

106
Q

In a chemical synapse the neurotransmitter acts on what?

A

Receptor proteins in the membrane of the next neuron.

107
Q

What is required in electrical synapse?

A

Direct physical contact between cells

108
Q

What are two advantages of electrical synapse over chemical?

A

Faster communication - instantaneous and synchronization between neurons or muscle fibers.

109
Q

What is an example of electrical synapse?

A

heart beat

110
Q

What does electrical synapses consist of?

A

small protein tubular structure (gap junctions) that allow free movements of ions from the interior of one cell to the next

111
Q

What are three things neurons can synapse with?

A

Neurons, Muscle, Glands

112
Q

What is the first step in an action potential?

A

Action potential reaches presynaptic terminal

113
Q

What is the second step in action potential?

A

Depolarization of presynaptic terminal opens ion channels allowing calcium into cell.

114
Q

What is the third step in action potential?

A

Ca 2+ triggers release of neurotransmitter from vesicles

115
Q

What is the 4th step in action potential?

A

Neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites on post synpatic membrane.

116
Q

What is the 5th step in action potential?

A

Opening and closing of ion channels cause change in postsynaptic membrane potential.

117
Q

What occurs after the 5th step in action potential?

A

Action potential propagates through next cell.

118
Q

What is the last step in action potential?

A

Neurotransmitter in inactivated or transported back into presynaptic terminal.

Test 2 Mammalian Physio (4 decks)

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