neurodegenerative disorders

Question 1

what is autophagy?

Answer 1

• cells that maintain function of neurones
• eliminate waste
• protect against variations on nutrient availability
• recycles proteins through lysosomes
  (progressive)
  (Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 2

what happens if autophagy becomes disordered?

Answer 2

• toxic substrates accumulate
  (Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 3

what is oxidative stress?

Answer 3

• arises from reactive oxygen species
• can lead to oxidative damage within nerve cells
  (progressive)
  (Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 4

what is apoptosis?

Answer 4

cells dying in orderly manner
(progressive)
(Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 5

what is necrosis?

Answer 5

overt damage to cell which triggers inflammatory response
(progressive)
(Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 6

how does Parkinson’s happen?

Answer 6

• loss of dopaminergic cells in sustain nigra
• disordered function of basal ganglia
• leads to reduction of neurotransmitters dopamine
• unclear as of the mechanism but likely involve genetic and environmental events
  (Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 7

symptoms of Parkinson’s

Answer 7

• tremor
• slowness of movements
• rigidity
  (Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 8

how does Huntingtons happen?

Answer 8

• caused buy hereditary chorea (muscle spasm)
• is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by expansion of an unstable trinucleotide repeat in chromosome 4
• gene involved in production of toxic mutant Huntington protein
• no cure
  (Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 9

what is chorea?

Answer 9

irregular, flowing, non stereotypic, random, involuntary movements pf random muscle contraction
(Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 10

how does motoneuron disease happen?

Answer 10

• rapid destruction of neurones
• loss of fast fatiguable motor units
• leads to progressive weakness of muscles, reducing activity and participation in life
  (Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 11

what is prior disease?

Answer 11

• misfiled proteins and can be transmitted to new hosts
• induces misfolding in further cellular proteins which build up into fibrils within the cells
• seeds misfolding in further cellular proteins which build up into fibrils within the cells further protein misfolding in further cells within nervous system
  (Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 12

what is dementia?

Answer 12

• affects primarily cells in cerebral cortex and reduces function
• accumulation of toxic fragments
• damages synapses
• forms plaques
• cell death
  (Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 13

symptoms of dementia

Answer 13

• forgetfulness
• language deterioration
• mood changes
• impaired judgement
  (Sience/AAAS, 2019

Question 14

what are four different types of dementia

Answer 14

• alzheimers
• vascular
• Lewy body dementia
• fronto temporal dementia
  (Sience/AAAS, 2019