neurodegenerative disorders Flashcards
1
Q
what is autophagy?
A
- cells that maintain function of neurones
- eliminate waste
- protect against variations on nutrient availability
- recycles proteins through lysosomes
(progressive)
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
2
Q
what happens if autophagy becomes disordered?
A
- toxic substrates accumulate
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
3
Q
what is oxidative stress?
A
- arises from reactive oxygen species
- can lead to oxidative damage within nerve cells
(progressive)
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
4
Q
what is apoptosis?
A
cells dying in orderly manner
(progressive)
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
5
Q
what is necrosis?
A
overt damage to cell which triggers inflammatory response
(progressive)
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
6
Q
how does Parkinson’s happen?
A
- loss of dopaminergic cells in sustain nigra
- disordered function of basal ganglia
- leads to reduction of neurotransmitters dopamine
- unclear as of the mechanism but likely involve genetic and environmental events
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
7
Q
symptoms of Parkinson’s
A
- tremor
- slowness of movements
- rigidity
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
8
Q
how does Huntingtons happen?
A
- caused buy hereditary chorea (muscle spasm)
- is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by expansion of an unstable trinucleotide repeat in chromosome 4
- gene involved in production of toxic mutant Huntington protein
- no cure
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
9
Q
what is chorea?
A
irregular, flowing, non stereotypic, random, involuntary movements pf random muscle contraction
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
10
Q
how does motoneuron disease happen?
A
- rapid destruction of neurones
- loss of fast fatiguable motor units
- leads to progressive weakness of muscles, reducing activity and participation in life
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
11
Q
what is prior disease?
A
- misfiled proteins and can be transmitted to new hosts
- induces misfolding in further cellular proteins which build up into fibrils within the cells
- seeds misfolding in further cellular proteins which build up into fibrils within the cells further protein misfolding in further cells within nervous system
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
12
Q
what is dementia?
A
- affects primarily cells in cerebral cortex and reduces function
- accumulation of toxic fragments
- damages synapses
- forms plaques
- cell death
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
13
Q
symptoms of dementia
A
- forgetfulness
- language deterioration
- mood changes
- impaired judgement
(Sience/AAAS, 2019
14
Q
what are four different types of dementia
A
- alzheimers
- vascular
- Lewy body dementia
- fronto temporal dementia
(Sience/AAAS, 2019