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Psychopathology - NP > NeuroDevelopment > Flashcards

NeuroDevelopment Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Definition: Neurons

A

Nerve cell which conducts electrical and chemical impulses

Contain neurofilaments and microtubules involved in transporting material to and from the cell

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2
Q

Components: Neurons

A

Dendrite, Cell Membrane, Cell body (soma), Axon, Node of Ranvier, Oligodendrocyte, myelin sheath, synapse

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3
Q

Definition: Dendrite

A

Component of a neuron

Receive information from other neurons

Dendritic spines project outward to increase synaptic contact

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4
Q

Definition: Soma

A

Component of a neuron

Cell body, contains the nucleus which engages in processing

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5
Q

Definition: Axon

A

Component of a neuron

Conduct the impulse away from the neuron

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6
Q

Definition: Dopamine

A

Monoamine: Synthesized in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and arcuate nucleus of the midbrain

Dietary pre-cursor: Tyrosine

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7
Q

Pathways: Dopamine

A

Mesolithic
Nigrostriatal
Mesocortical
Tuberoinfundibular

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8
Q

Receptors: Dopamine

A

D1-like Receptor Family: D1 and D5. Stimulating receptors activating enzymes leading to cyclic formation - excitatory transmission modulating cognitive and motor functions

D2-like Receptor Family: D2, D3, D4. Inhibitory receptors - inhibit enzymes reducing cAMP formation. Modulate mood, reward, and motor control

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9
Q

Nigrostriatal DA Pathway

A

Originates in Substantia Nigra
Movement Regulation

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10
Q

Mesocortical DA Pathway

A

Originates in the VTA

Frontal Cortex

Cognition, Emotion, Executive Function

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11
Q

Tuberoinfundibular DA Pathway

A

Originates: arcuate nucleus and hypothalamus

Target: Pituitary Gland

Prolactin stimulation

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12
Q

Mesolimbic DA Pathway

A

Originates: VTA

Pleasure and Reward

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13
Q

Definition: Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Cell bodies process in the raphe nuclei of the brainstem

PNS of the GI tract (90% found in the gut)

Dietary Precursor: Tryptophan

Seven 5-HT receptor families with at least 15 subtypes

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14
Q

Role: 5-HT

A

Sleep, mood, cognition, anxiety, pain, temperature, aggression regulation, libido,

Precursor to melatonin

Associated with the feelings of wellbeing and happiness

Contributes to digestion, satiety

Platelet aggregation

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15
Q

Definition: Histamine

A

Synthesis: TMN of the posterior hypothalamus

Amino acid Histidine via the enzyme histadine decarboxylase

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16
Q

Storage: Histamine

A

Storage: mast cells and basophils in the immune system

Neurons and enterochromaffin-like cells in teh stomach

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17
Q

Role: Histamine

A

Modulate arousal, wakefulness, feeding behavior, and neuroendocrine responsiveness

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18
Q

Receptors: Histamine

A

H1: smooth muscle, endothelial cells, in the hypothalamus and cortex

H2: stimulate gastric acid secretion and vasodilation; hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia

H3: found in the CNS and PNS

H4:

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19
Q

Definition: Glutamate

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and CNS

Precursor to GABA

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20
Q

Role: Glutamate:

A

Synaptic transmission, plasticity, psysiological and pathological processes

Learning and memory by long-term potentiation in the hippocampus

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21
Q

Synthesis: Glutamate

A

Synthesized in neurons from glucose through the Krebs cycle or by the conversion of glutamine via the enzyme glutaminase

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22
Q

Receptors: Glutamate

A

4 Receptor subtypes

AMPA: fast excitatory synaptic transmission

NMDA: synaptic plasticity and LTP

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23
Q

Deficit: Glutamate

A

Poor memory and learning
Low energy, distractible
Negative symptoms

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24
Q

Excess: Glutamate

Study These Flashcards
A

Anxiety and panic
Kindling, seizures
Bipolar d/o
Psychosis via neurotoxicity

25
Definition: GABA
Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
26
Role: GABA
Maintain excitatory and inhibitory balance Prevents overexcitation of neurons Regulates physiological and psychological processes Promotes relaxation and calmness Initiating and maitaining sleep (reduces arousal) Motor coordination, especially in the basal ganglia
27
Synthesis: GABA
From glutamate through the action of the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) Vit B6 is a co-factor in the process
28
Deficit: GABA
Irritability, hostility Anxiety, seizure activity
29
Excess: GABA
Reduced cell excitability Sedation Impaired memory Anticonvulsants enhance GABA
30
Definition: Acetylcholine (Ach)
Neurotransmitter in the ANS Sympathetic and parasympathetic Neuromodulator inside the brain Ach and DA have a reciprocal relationship
31
Synthesis: Ach
Synthesis in basal nucleus of Meynert (forebrain) Synthesized in the nerve terminal from choline (derived from diet or recycled from synapses) and Acetyl-CoA (produced in the mitochondria)
32
Role: Ach
attention, cognition, memory, thirst, mood, REM sleep, sexual behavior, muscle contraction
33
Deficit: Ach
Memory deficits Euphoria Lack of inhibition Antisocial behaviors Decrease in speech Dry mouth, blurred vision Constipation Alzheimers
34
Receptors: Ach
Nicotinic and Muscarinic Skeletal neuromuscular junctions, visceral motor system
35
Excess: Ach
Memory deficits Euphoria Lack of inhibition Antisocial behaviors Decrease in speech Dry mouth, blurred vision Constipation Alzheimers
36
Definition: Epinephrine
Noradrenergic System Neurotransmitter and a Hormone Produced in the adrenal medulla Produced and released by adrenal glands
37
Role: Epinephrine
Peripheral nervous system, sympathetic nervous system Increases the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the muscles
38
Definition: Norepinephrine
Cell bodies in the locus coeruleus in medulla and pons Found in both the CNS and sympathetic NS
39
Definition: Corticospinal Pathway
Connects the cerebral cortex ot the spinal cord Allows control of muscles throughout the body
40
Function: Corticospinal Pathway
Voluntary motor control Execution of precise movements
41
Definition: Mesolimbic Pathway
Includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projects to the nucleus accumbens and other limbic system structures Plays a role in addiction and pleasure, achievement Projects to the amygdala (emotions) and hippocampus (memory) and prefrontal cortex (decision making)
42
Function: Mesolimbic Pathway
Associated with reward, motivation, and emotional responses, survival driven behaviors (eating, reproduction) Substance abuse and behavioral addictions hijacks this reward system Naturally accessed through enjoyable activities Neurotransmitter: DA! released in response to rewarding stimuli
43
Definition: Nigrostriatal Pathway
Connects the substantia Nigra to the striatum (part of the basal ganglia) Neurotransmitter: DA
44
Function: Nigrostriatal Pathway
Motor control and coordination
45
Dysfunction: Nigrostriatal Pathway
Parkinson's disease
46
Definition: Cholinergic Pathway
Involves the release of Ach and includes the basal forebrain and other regions Neurotransmitter: ACh
47
Function: Cholinergic Pathway
Memory, Attention, cognitive functions
48
Definition: Olfactory Pathway
Involves the olfactory bulb and connects to various brain regions influencing emotions and memories Neurotransmitter: glutamate and GABA
49
Function: Olfactory Pathway
Processes the sense of smell Function of Glutamate: primary excitatory neurotransmitter involved in olfactory signals GABA is inhibitory and helps modulate olfactory responses
50
Defnition: Prefrontal-Thalamic Pathway
Connects the prefrontal cortex ot the thalamus and is crucial for higher-level cognitive processes Thalamus: relay system Neurotransmitter: Glutamate
51
Function: Prefrontal -Thalamic Pathway
Assocaited with executive functions, decision making, and cognitive control Adapting and changing to environments, unexpected outcomes Glutamate: excitatory transmission in the prefrontal cortex and the thalamus
52
Definition: Optic Pathway
Inovolves the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tracts allowing for visual perception and processing
53
Function: Optic Pathway
Transmits visual information from the retina to the visual cortex Glutamate transmits visual info from photoreceptor cells in the retina to the visual cortex
54
Definition: Somatosensory Pathway
Includes the dorsal column-mediated lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway which transmit sensory input o the somatosensory cortex Neurotransmitter: Glutamate
55
Function: Somatosensory Pathway
Processes sensory info from the body including touch, temperature, and pain
56
Dysfunction: Prefrontal-Thalamic Pathway
Schizophrenia: Hypofunction leading to impaired decision making ADHD: miscommunication along the pathway Depression: reduced or impaired decision making
57
Definition: Auditory Pathway
Involves the cochlea, auditory nerve, and auditory cortex in the temporal lobe Neurotramsitter: Glutamate
58
Function: Auditory Pathway
Processes auditory information and sound perception
59

Psychopathology - NP (3 decks)

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