Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

What are Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Answer 1

Disorders which typically manifests early development often before children enters grade-school and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning and it often persists until we grow older.

Question 2

Types of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Answer 2

• Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD)
• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• Specific Learning Disorders
• Intellectual Disabilities
• Communication Disorders

-Motor Disorders

Question 3

Externalizing Disorders

Answer 3

Characterized by the ff: outward-directed behaviors, such as aggressiveness, noncompliance, overactivity, and impulsiveness; the category includes attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder

Question 4

Internalizing Disorders

Answer 4

Characterized by the ff: inward-focused experiences and behaviors, such as depression, social withdrawal, and anxiety; the category includes childhood anxiety and mood disorders

Question 5

ADHD Combined Presentation

Answer 5

Meets both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity criteria for 6+ months.

Question 6

Specific Learning Disability

Answer 6

Academic skill deficits (e.g., reading, math) not due to intellectual disability or poor education.

Question 7

Inward-focused behaviors like depression or social withdrawal.

Answer 7

Internalizing Disorders

Question 8

Genetic syndrome linked to ID, caused by trisomy 21.

Answer 8

Down Syndrome

Question 9

X-linked disorder with ID, self-injury, and cerebral palsy signs.

Answer 9

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

Question 10

A disorder which a person would repetitively, seemingly purposeless motor behaviors (e.g., hand-flapping)

Answer 10

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

Question 11

What are the two dopamine genes implicated in ADHD?

Answer 11

DRD4 (receptor) and DAT1 (transporter).

Question 12

How does ADHD differ from conduct disorder?

Answer 12

ADHD: off-task behavior, cognitive deficits. Conduct disorder: aggression/social norm violations.

Question 13

What is the DSM-5 IQ cutoff for intellectual disability?

Answer 13

Approximately 70–75.

Question 14

Name three treatments for autism spectrum disorder.

Answer 14

Reinforcement training, pivotal response training, SSRIs (for agitation).

Question 15

What is echolalia?

Answer 15

Repeating others’ speech (common in autism).

Question 16

ADHD symptoms must persist for at least ______ months for diagnosis.

Answer 16

6

Question 17

______ is an alternative term for math learning disability.

Answer 17

Dyscalculia

Question 18

Fragile X syndrome involves a mutation on the ______ chromosome.

Answer 18

X

Question 19

Name three prenatal risk factors for ADHD.

Answer 19

Maternal smoking/alcohol use, low birth weight, complications during childbirth.

Question 20

What brain area is often larger in children with ASD?

Answer 20

Amygdala (early childhood) or overall brain size (by age 2).

Question 21

What is the regulated-breathing method used for?

Answer 21

Stuttering treatment (pause, take deep breath).

Question 22

What distinguishes Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder from ASD?

Answer 22

No restricted/repetitive behaviors in SPD.

Question 23

Types of motor tics

Answer 23

• Simple motor tics are of short duration (i.e., milliseconds) and can include eye blinking, shoulder shrugging
• Complex motor tics are of longer duration (i.e., seconds) and often include a combination of simple tics such as simultaneous head turning and shoulder shrugging.
• Copropraxia: tic-like sexual or obscene gesture
• Echopraxia: Tic-like imitation of someone else’s movements
• Palilalia: Repeating one’s own sounds or words
• Echolalia: Repeating the last-heard word or phrase
• Coprolalia: Uttering socially unacceptable words, including obscenities, or ethnic, racial, or religious slurs

Question 24

Hyperactive

Answer 24

A person who is constantly in motion. Such as tapping of fingers, fidgeting, and such. They also have difficulty in focusing on some tasks

Question 25

What does children with ADHD have difficulties on?

Answer 25

- Difficulties in focusing in some activities, they would also have difficulty in maintaining friendship since their behavior is often aggressive and intrusive

Question 26

What sex is more likely to have ADHD?

Answer 26

Boys

Question 27

In inattention in ADHD, there should be _____ symptoms which have persisted for at least ____ months.

Answer 27

6+; 6+

Question 28

In inattention, how many symptoms are adults required to have to be diagnosed with ADHD?

Answer 28

5+

Question 29

In hyperactivity and impulsivity, how many symptoms and how many months should be present?

Answer 29

6+ symptoms should be present, and at least 6 months+.

Question 30

At what age does ADHD usually manifests or diagnosable?

Answer 30

Present prior to age 12

Question 31

What are the possible causes of ADHD?

Answer 31

1. Genetic Factors: Specifically, two different dopamine genes have been implicated in ADHD: a dopamine receptor gene called DRD4 and a dopamine transporter gene called DAT1. DRD4’s association with ADHD is stronger 2. Perinatal and Prenatal Factors: Low birth weight, other complications associated with childbirth, as well as mothers’ use of substances such as tobacco and alcohol, are also predictive of ADHD symptoms

Question 32

In ADHD, is dopamine high or low?

Answer 32

Typically low, this neurotransmitter focuses on motivation, reward, and focus.

Question 33

Specific Learning Disability

Answer 33

A person shows a problem in a specific area of academic, language, speech, or motor skills that is not due to intellectual disability or deficient educational opportunities

Question 34

Diagnosis of specific learning disorder requires that the person’s disability not be caused by what?

Answer 34

By a sensory difficulty, such as trouble with sight or hearing, and should not be the result of poor or absent instruction.

Question 35

Difficulties learning and using academic skills, as indicated by the presence of at least ____ of the following symptoms that have persisted for at least ____ months

Answer 35

1;6

Question 36

What are the three specifiers of Specific Learning Disorder?

Answer 36

1. With impairment in reading: Word reading accuracy; Reading rate or fluency; Reading comprehension Note: Dyslexia is an alternative term used to refer to a pattern of learning difficulties characterized by problems with accurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding, and poor spelling abilities. 2. With impairment in written expression: Spelling accuracy; Grammar and punctuation accuracy; Clarity or organization of written expression 3. With impairment in mathematics: Number sense; Memorization of arithmetic facts; Accurate or fluent calculation; Accurate math reasoning. Dyscalculia is an alternative term

Question 37

Intellectual Disability

Answer 37

Deficits in intellectual functions, and adaptive functioning.

Question 38

What are the three domains of intellectual disability?

Answer 38

1. Conceptual Domain 2. Social Domain 3. Practical Domain

Question 39

What is the difference of the severity levels of intellectual disability? (Mild, Moderate, Severe, Profound)

Answer 39

Mild Struggles with school/work tasks, concrete speech needs help with bills, parenting, they would also need Occasional support Moderate: Their way of thinking is on elementary-level skills, can make simple sentences, can do chores with reminders, and they need support in their daily activities Severe: - Recognizes few words/numbers, they communicate with single words/gestures, needs help with eating/dressing, and would need 24/7 support. Profound: They have minimal understanding , may understand some gestures and will communicate in their own way, they are fully dependent and needs lifelong care

Question 40

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Answer 40

The essential features of autism spectrum disorder are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Question 41

What are the two symptoms that must be present in ASD?

Answer 41

1. Impairment in Social Communication and Social Interaction 2. Restricted, Repetitive Patterns of Behavior, Interests, or Activities

Question 42

Inattention in ASD ______ of the following symptoms have persisted for at least ____ months

Answer 42

6 or more; 6 months

Question 43

In hyperactivity and impulsivity of ASD ____ of the following symptoms have persisted for at least _____ months

Answer 43

6 or mroe; 6 months

Question 44

At what age does ASD are diagnosed?

Answer 44

Prior to age 12.

Question 45

How many settings does hyperactivity and impulsive symptoms should be present?

Answer 45

Two or more settings

Question 46

What are the specifiers of ASD

Answer 46

 With or without accompanying intellectual impairment  With or without accompanying language impairment  Associated with a known medical or genetic condition or environmental factor

Question 47

Differentiate the levels of ASD

Answer 47

Level 1: They would occasionally need help (Mild) In Social Communication: - Awkward but functional communication In Restricted/Repetitive Behaviors (RRBs): - Rigidity in specific contexts Level 2: Daily substantial support (moderate) In Social Communication: - Limited interactions, odd nonverbal cues In Restricted/Repetitive Behaviors (RRBs): - Frequent rigidity, multiple settings Level 3: They need support 24/7 (severe) In Social Communication: - Minimal interaction, severe deficits In Restricted/Repetitive Behaviors (RRBs): - Extreme rigidity, disrupts all life

Question 48

Level 1 may resemble _______ autism (formerly Asperger’s), while Level 3 aligns with classic autism.

Answer 48

High-functioning