Normalcy and Abnormalcy (Ref: mochi_venti)

Question 1

What are the four characteristics or the four Ds’ to define a mental disorder

Answer 1

Personal Distress

Violation of Social Norms

Disability or Impairment

Psychological Dysfunction

Question 2

What is the DSM-5 definition of a mental disorder?

Answer 2

Behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress, impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.

Question 3

Define Stigma

Answer 3

A distinguishing label is applied.

The label is linked to undesirable attributes.

People with the label are seen as different.

People with the label are discriminated against unfairly.

Question 4

What is the scientist-practitioner model in psychology?

Answer 4

Mental health professionals taking a scientific approach to their clinical.

Question 5

How do scientist practitioner model function?

Answer 5

Consumers of science (using current research).

Evaluators of science (assessing treatment effectiveness).

Creators of science (conducting research to improve practice).

Question 6

What are the three categories of mental disorders proposed by Hippocrates?

Answer 6

Mania

Melancholia

Phrenitis (brain fever)

Question 7

What is the humoral theory of disorders, and what are the four humors?

Answer 7

The theory that imbalances in four bodily fluids (humors) cause mental and physical disorders. The humors are:

Blood (heart)

Black bile (spleen)

Phlegm (brain)

Yellow bile (liver)

Question 8

What is moral treatment

Answer 8

A humane approach to treating mental illness, emphasizing normal social interaction and purposeful activity.

Question 9

What are the three structures of the mind in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 9

Id (pleasure principle, unconscious drives).

Ego (reality principle, mediates conflicts).

Superego (moral principle, conscience)

Question 10

What are the defense mechanisms of Psychoanalytic Theory?

Answer 10

1. Denial: refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective
   experience that is apparent to others
2. Displacement: transfers a feeling about, or response to, an object that causes
   discomfort onto another, usually less-threatening, object or person
3. Projection: falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to
   another individual or object
4. Rationalization: conceals true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations
5. Reaction Formation: substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct
   opposite of unacceptable ones
6. Repression: blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious
   awareness
7. Sublimation: directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior

Question 11

What is classical conditioning, and who is its key figure?

Answer 11

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a response. Key figure: Ivan Pavlov.

Question 12

What is systematic desensitization, and who developed it?

Answer 12

A behavioral therapy where fear is gradually extinguished by exposing the patient to the feared object/situation in a controlled way. Developed by Joseph Wolpe.

Question 13

What is cognitive therapy, and what is its focus?

Answer 13

A therapy that emphasizes changing maladaptive thoughts to improve emotions and behaviors. Focuses on how people construe themselves and the world.

Question 14

What is the difference between prevalence and incidence in psychopathology?

Answer 14

Prevalence: Total number of cases in a population at a given time.

Incidence: Number of new cases occurring during a specific period.

Question 15

What are the three ways psychological disorders are studied?

Answer 15

Clinical description (symptoms, prevalence, etc.)

Causation (etiology: biological, psychological, social)

Treatment and outcome

Question 16

What are the three possible courses of a psychological disorder?

Answer 16

Chronic (long-lasting, e.g., lifetime).

Episodic (recovery with recurrences).

Time-limited (improves without treatment).

Question 17

What is the difference between acute and insidious onset?

Answer 17

Acute: Sudden onset.

Insidious: Gradual development over time

Question 18

What is the supernatural model of abnormal behavior, and what were its treatments?

Answer 18

Belief: Disorders caused by demons/witches (Middle Ages).

Treatments: Exorcism, flogging, starvation, dunking in ice water.

Question 19

What is mass hysteria, and what historical examples are given?

Answer 19

Large-scale bizarre behavior (e.g., Saint Vitus’s Dance, tarantism).

Linked to possession or insect bites (Middle Ages).

Question 20

What is general paresis, and how was it treated historically?

Answer 20

Advanced syphilis causing mental/physical decline.

Treatment: Malaria injections (fever killed bacteria), later penicillin.

Question 21

What is the eugenics movement, and how did it impact mental health?

Answer 21

Sought to eliminate “undesirable” traits via forced sterilization.

U.S. laws prohibited people with mental illness from marrying.

Question 22

What were early biological treatments for mental disorders?

Answer 22

Insulin shock therapy (Manfred Sakel).

Electroconvulsive therapy (Cerletti & Bini).

Prefrontal lobotomy (Egas Moniz).

Question 23

What is the psychoanalytic concept of catharsis?

Answer 23

Therapeutic reliving of unconscious emotional trauma to release tension.

Demonstrated by Breuer with Anna O. (though temporary relief).

Question 24

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?

Answer 24

Oral

Anal

Phallic

Latency

Genital

Question 25

What are the seven tactics of psychodynamic psychotherapy?

Answer 25

Focus on affect. Explore avoidance. Identify patterns. Emphasize past experiences. Focus on interpersonal relationships. Analyze therapeutic relationship. Explore wishes/dreams.

Question 26

What is unconditional positive regard in Carl Rogers’s therapy?

Answer 26

Complete acceptance of a client’s feelings/actions without judgment. Aims to foster self-actualization.

Question 27

How did Mary Cover Jones demonstrate fear extinction?

Answer 27

Used gradual exposure (Little Peter) to show fears could be unlearned. Basis for later behavioral therapies like systematic desensitization.

Question 28

What is rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?

Answer 28

sustained emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves; these self-statements reflect sometimes unspoken assumptions—irrational beliefs—about what is necessary to lead a meaningful life. It aim is to eliminate self-defeating beliefs

Question 29

What is the law of effect (Edward Thorndike)?

Answer 29

Behavior is strengthened (if followed by reward) or weakened (if followed by punishment). Foundation for operant conditioning (Skinner).

Question 30

What were some historical treatments based on humoral theory?

Answer 30

Bloodletting with leeches Induced vomiting Eating tobacco and half-boiled cabbage

Question 31

What were the key features of early asylums before Pinel's reforms?

Answer 31

Patients shackled to walls with iron collars. Hoops around waists with chains for feeding. Viewed as animals, kept in dungeons.

Question 32

Who are the two professionals initiated humane asylum reforms, and what changes did they make?

Answer 32

Philippe Pinel & Jean-Baptiste Pussin Removed chains, introduced light/airy rooms, allowed patient mobility.

Question 33

What was Dorothea Dix's role in mental health care reform and its consequences?

Answer 33

Advocated for mental hygiene movement, it improved the standards of care, and everyone received it. And it became more humane Consequence: Overcrowding due to increased patient admissions.

Question 34

What is fixation in psychosexual development, and how does it affect adults?

Answer 34

Fixation: Too much or too little gratification (pleasure) given during a particular stage. (oral, anal, etc.). Effect: Adult personality reflects traits of the fixated stage (e.g., oral fixation = dependency).

Question 35

What is the key difference between Freud's psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy?

Answer 35

Psychoanalysis: Long-term, focuses on unconscious conflicts via free association/dream analysis. Psychodynamic therapy: Shorter, emphasizes interpersonal patterns and current symptoms.

Question 36

How did Joseph Wolpe modify systematic desensitization to treat phobias?

Answer 36

Added counterconditioning: Patients engage in relaxation (incompatible with fear) while exposed to phobic stimuli.

Question 37

What is the primary focus of rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?

Answer 37

Identifying and challenging irrational beliefs (e.g., "I must be perfect") that cause emotional distress.

Question 38

What is the key premise of cognitive therapy?

Answer 38

Changing maladaptive thought patterns ("I’m a failure") improves emotions and behaviors.

Question 39

What are the three interrelated dysfunctions in psychological disorders according to Wakefield?

Answer 39

Behavioral dysfunction Cognitive Emotional

Question 40

What are the two key problems with defining abnormal behavior as a violation of social norms?

Answer 40

Norms vary widely across cultures Can pathologize nonconformity or social dissent Example: Homosexuality was once classified as a disorder

Question 41

What were the three biological treatments developed in the 1930s-1950s?

Answer 41

Insulin shock therapy Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Prefrontal lobotomy All were crude attempts to treat severe disorders

Question 42

What are the three key techniques in classical psychoanalysis?

Answer 42

Free association: patients are instructed to say whatever comes to mind without the usual socially required censoring Dream analysis: interprets the content of dreams, supposedly reflecting the primary process thinking of the id and the unconsious conflicts. Transference: patients come to relate to the therapist much as they did to important figures in their childhood, particularly their parents

Question 43

What are the three types of conditioning in behavioral theory?

Answer 43

Classical (Pavlov) Operant (Skinner) Observational (Bandura)

Question 44

What are the 3 components of emotion contagion in mass hysteria?

Answer 44

Shared emotional experience Rapid spread through groups Social network amplification Modern example: Social media panics

Question 45

Prototype

Answer 45

when most or all symptoms that experts would agree are part of the disorder are present in an individual

Question 46

Characteristics

Answer 46

the disorder occurs within the individual

Question 47

Psychopathology

Answer 47

- scientific study of psychological disorders. field concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of mental disorders

Question 48

Clinical Description

Answer 48

presenting problem: why the person came to the clinic.

Question 49

What is prognosis and the two types?

Answer 49

It is the anticipated course of a disorder. 1. good: the individual will probably recover 2. guarded: the probable outcome doesn’t look good

Question 50

Etiology

Answer 50

It has as to do with why a disorder begins or what causes it includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions

Question 51

What is libido and thanatos of ID?

Answer 51

libido: energy or drive within the id thanatos: less important source of energy; death instinct

Question 52

self-psychology

Answer 52

theory of the formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow an individual to progress toward health, or develop neurosis

Question 53

countertransference

Answer 53

therapists project some of their own personal issues and feelings onto a patient