Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are Neurodevelopmental Disorders?
Neurodevelopmental Disorders are conditions characterized by atypical brain development evident early in life, affecting cognition, communication, motor control, and behavior.
When do the first signs of Neurodevelopmental Disorders typically appear?
The first signs usually appear during the rapid neuro-maturation period from late pregnancy through the first few years of primary school.
How is Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD) diagnosed?
IDD is diagnosed when both intellectual functions and adaptive behavior are significantly below expectation, with onset before the 18th birthday.
What is the global prevalence of Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD)?
The global prevalence of IDD is near 1%, with higher rates in low-resource settings and among boys.
What are leading risk factors for Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD)?
Leading risk factors include genetic conditions, prenatal alcohol or toxin exposure, perinatal hypoxia, and severe childhood infections.
What is Global Developmental Delay?
Global Developmental Delay is a provisional label for children under five whose global milestones lag so far behind peers that a full assessment is impossible.
What characterizes Language Disorder?
Language Disorder is characterized by vocabulary, sentence structure, or discourse skills that are well below age norms, impairing social participation or academic performance.
When do symptoms of Language Disorder typically surface?
Symptoms typically surface during toddlerhood, with many preschoolers struggling with articulation.
What is Speech Sound Disorder?
Speech Sound Disorder involves difficulties producing phonemes, leading to unintelligible speech despite normal language comprehension.
What is Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)?
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder presents with syllabic repetitions, sound prolongations, or blocks, often accompanied by tension or avoidance of speaking.
What defines Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder (SCD)?
SCD involves well-formed grammar and phonology but poor use of language in social contexts, such as difficulty adjusting register or following conversational rules.
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
ASD is defined by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior.
What is the lifetime prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
Lifetime prevalence estimates for ASD hover around 1 in 36 U.S. children, with a male-to-female ratio near 4:1.
What is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
ADHD is characterized by executive dysfunction and altered reward-motivation circuitry, with symptoms causing multi-setting impairment.
What is the estimated prevalence of ADHD in children worldwide?
Roughly 8–11% of children worldwide meet criteria for ADHD.
What is Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)?
SLD captures persistent difficulties in acquiring and applying academic skills in reading, written expression, or mathematics.
What is Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)?
DCD is diagnosed when gross or fine-motor coordination falls well below expected levels for age, resulting in daily living or academic difficulties.
What characterizes Stereotypic Movement Disorder?
Stereotypic Movement Disorder involves seemingly purposeless, repetitive motor behavior that interferes with activities or risks self-injury.
What is Tourette’s Disorder?
Tourette’s Disorder is characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic persisting longer than a year, with onset before 18 years.
What are Other Specified and Unspecified Neurodevelopmental Disorders?
These categories allow clinicians to code meaningful clinical pictures that are neurodevelopmental but do not meet full criteria.
