Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Flashcards

(35 cards)

1
Q

_________________ placed heterotopically in the __________ and into the ___________ of the rabbits survive for prolonged, sometimes indefinite, periods of time.

A

allogeneic skin grafts, anterior chamber of the eye, brains

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2
Q

What is an allogeneic graft?

A

graft derived from a different donor of the SAME SPECIES

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3
Q

What is a syngeneic graft?

A

graft derived from a genetically identical individual (e.g. identical twin)

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4
Q

What is a xenogeneic graft?

A

graft derived from a DIFFERENT SPECIES

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5
Q

What is an autologous graft?

A

graft derived from the SAME INDIVIDUAL

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6
Q

What is a heterotopic graft?

A

graft placed in a NON PHYSIOLOGICAL SITE (e.g. skin transplanted into the brain)

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7
Q

What are some immune privileged sites?

A
  • eye (cornea, anterior chamber, vitreous cavity, subretinal space)
  • brain (ventricles and striatum)
  • pregnant uterus
  • ovary
  • testis
  • adrenal cortex
  • hair follicles
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8
Q

What is the function of the BBB?

A

create resistance to anything coming from the outside

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the adaptive immune system is the first line of defense

A

FALSE: innate is first line

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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the adaptive immune system is characterized by memory

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What are the innate immune system cells?

A
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils
  • NK cells
  • mast cells
  • basophils
    -eosinophils
  • dendritic cells
  • microglia
  • astrocytes
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12
Q

What are the adaptive immune system cells?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • dendritic cells
  • microglia
  • astrocytes
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13
Q

Is CNS inflammation an innate or adaptive response>?

A

innate

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14
Q

What happens to the shape of astrocytes when they are activated?

A

they become narrow (normally wide and flat)

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15
Q

_______________ ______________ is one of the most common and earliest features of nearly all neuroinflammatory disorders.

A

microglial activation

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16
Q

In vitro assays of microglial function have conclusively demonstrated their ability to acquire _____________ or ____________ functions. (What does this mean?)

A

neuroprotective; neurotoxic (i.e. microglia are both pro- and anti-inflammatory)

17
Q

What are the functions of microglia and macrophages within the CNS?

A
  • pruning synapses during development
  • work with complement proteins (label synapses that need to be removed)
  • monitor neuronal activity/environment
  • clean up lesion/dead tissue during pathology
18
Q

What are microglia functions during CNS injury?

A
  • phagocytosis of synapses
  • activate astrocytes
  • remyelination
19
Q

What is the most important step for activating microglia?

20
Q

TRUE or FALSE: alert state microglia can become pathological

21
Q

___________ ____________ keep microglial in a down-regulated state.

A

neuron-glial interactions

22
Q

TRUE or FALSE: younger age promotes alert state of microglia

A

FALSE: promotion of alert state increases with age

23
Q

TRUE or FALSE: While M1 microglia are more anti-inflammatory, M2 are more pro-inflammatory

A

FALSE: M1 is pro, M2 is anti-inflammatory

24
Q

What is the relationship betwen microglial activation and neuronal degeneration?

A

bidirectional (see slide 20 diagram)

25
TRUE or FALSE: thickness of the corpus callosum is increased in MS.
FALSE: decreased
26
Is MS a neurodegenerative disease?
yes
27
What are the characteristics of a neurodegenerative disease?
- affect specific parts of functional systems in nervous system - begin insidiously, after long period of normal function with gradual progression - CSF shows minimal changes (mild increase in proteins) - imaging shows either no change or only a volumetric reduction (atrophy)
28
TRUE or FALSE: HLA genetic mutation is specific to MS
FALSE: connected with immune response in general
29
TRUE or FALSE: in MS, neuronal degeneration from mitochorndrial injury, oxidative stress, and ionic imbalance will continue even WITHOUT inflammation
TRUE
30
TRUE or FALSE: MS is a progressive disease
TRUE
31
Describe the inside-out hypothesis of neurodegeneration in MS.
- WM pathology: demyelination --> axonal degeneration - GM pathology: axonal degeneration --> demyelination (inside out) - MS could occur due to one or the other, or both
32
What is the role of autophagy in neurodegeneration?
triggers inflammation
33
What is the ER normally responsible for? What does pathology cause?
- normal: synthesis of proteins - path: misfolded proteins
34
What are the mechanisms activated in the ER with pathology?
- apoptosis - inflammation
35
what are the priming factors fro ER stress in AD? What can these lead to?
- metabolic syndrome - depression - aging - TBI - infection - can lead to neuroinflammation