Neurological Considerations Flashcards
(33 cards)
What is the primary focus of CNS pharmacology?
To influence neurotransmitter activity within the central nervous system
What are common neurotransmitters targeted by CNS drugs?
Dopamine
serotonin
GABA
Norepinephrine
What are spasticity medications used for?
Managing spastic muscles due to CNS dysfunction
What is the mechanism of benzodiazepines?
They increase GABA activity. causing hyper-polarization and sedation
What are some uses of benzodiazepines?
Treat anxiety
promote sleep
reduce seizures
induce anesthesia
relax muscles
What is an example of a benzodiazepine?
Diazepam (Valium)
What is a nonbenzodiazepine?
A hypnotic that promotes sleep without the benzodiazepine chemical structure
What are adverse effects of sedative-hypnotics?
Drowsiness
fall risk
dependence
confusion
What are rehab considerations for sedative-hypnotics?
Schedule therapy to avoid peak sedation; monitor fall risk
What are non-pharmacologic interventions for sleep?
Sleep hygiene
reduce anxiety
consistent sleep schedule
What are 8 common causes of poor sleep?
Sleep apnea
diet
lack of exercise
pain
restless legs
depression
stress
poor habits
How do electronics affect sleep?
They disrupt circadian rhythm and delay sleep onset
What is psychosis?
A mental disorder with impaired reality and thought disturbances
What are causes of psychosis?
Excess dopamine or serotonin
What are common forms of psychosis?
Schizophrenia
schizoaffective disorder
delusional disorder
brief psychotic disorder
How do first-generation antipsychotics work?
Block dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic pathway
What is a downside of first-generation antipsychotics?
Higher risk of side effects including movement disorders
How do second-generation antipsychotics work?
Weaker dopamine blockers and stronger serotonin receptor antagonists
What is an advantage of second-generation antipsychotics?
Lower risk of motor side effects
How are antipsychotics commonly administered?
Orally for maintenance; IM for acute episodes
How are antipsychotics metabolized?
Primarily in the liver
What is a major adverse effect of antipsychotics?
Drug-induced movement disorders (DIMD)
What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
A life-threatening reaction to dopamine blockers causing hyperthermia and rigidity
What are signs of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
Hyperthermia
muscle rigidity
altered mental status
tachycardia
