Neurological Disorders Pt 1

Question 1

How is IBW adjusted for tetraplegia?

Answer 1

Use Hamwi formula and subtract 15–20 lbs

Question 2

How is IBW adjusted for paraplegia?

Answer 2

Use Hamwi formula and subtract 10–15 lbs

Question 3

What are the energy needs for tetraplegia?

Answer 3

23 kcal/kg

Question 4

What are the energy needs for paraplegia?

Answer 4

28 kcal/kg

Question 5

What are protein needs in the acute phase of SCI?

Answer 5

2 g/kg/day (IBW)

Question 6

What are protein needs in the rehab phase of SCI?

Answer 6

0.8–1 g/kg/day (IBW)

Question 7

What are common complications of SCI?

Answer 7

Constipation, osteopenia/osteoporosis, pressure injuries

Question 8

What are energy needs for pressure injuries?

Answer 8

30–40 kcal/kg depending on wound stage

Question 9

What are protein needs for pressure injuries?

Answer 9

1.2–1.5 g/kg/day (higher for stage 4 wounds)

Question 10

Name five supplements used for Stage 3–4 pressure injuries.

Answer 10

Arginine, glutamine, collagen, vitamin C, zinc

Question 11

What does arginine do in wound healing?

Answer 11

Preserves lean mass and promotes vasodilation

Question 12

What are the 4 A’s of Alzheimer’s?

Answer 12

Amnesia, Aphasia, Apraxia, Agnosia

Question 13

What are common eating-related behaviors in dementia?

Answer 13

Pacing, playing with food, paranoia, forgets to swallow

Question 14

What diet is often recommended for Alzheimer’s?

Answer 14

MIND diet

Question 15

What antioxidant vitamins help reduce inflammation in dementia?

Answer 15

Vitamin C and E

Question 16

What B vitamins lower homocysteine in dementia?

Answer 16

Folic acid, B6, B12

Question 17

What nutrient helps produce acetylcholine?

Answer 17

Choline

Question 18

What phytochemicals support brain health in dementia?

Answer 18

Curcumin, resveratrol (red wine)

Question 19

What strategies help with feeding in dementia?

Answer 19

Minimize distractions, serve one food at a time, use finger foods, cueing

Question 20

What diet modification is used in late-stage dementia?

Answer 20

Dysphagia diet (altered textures)

Question 21

What are signs of dysphagia?

Answer 21

Drooling, coughing, gurgly voice, pocketing food, pneumonia

Question 22

What are three complications of dysphagia?

Answer 22

Aspiration, malnutrition, dehydration

Question 23

Name common conditions associated with dysphagia.

Answer 23

Parkinson’s, MS, ALS, dementia, stroke, ventilated patients, head/neck cancer

Question 24

What test is used to diagnose dysphagia?

Answer 24

Swallow evaluation by speech pathologist

Question 25

What is Level 1 on the NDD?

Answer 25

Pureed – homogeneous, no whole foods

Question 26

What is Level 2?

Answer 26

Mechanically altered – soft, moist, no dry foods

Question 27

What is Level 3?

Answer 27

Advanced – bite-sized, no hard/sticky/dry foods

Question 28

List the 4 standard liquid consistencies.

Answer 28

Thin, nectar thick, honey thick, pudding thick

Question 29

Which liquid requires the most control to swallow?

Answer 29

Thin

Question 30

What international standard covers dysphagia diets?

Answer 30

IDDSI (International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative)

Question 31

What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

Answer 31

Temporary lack of blood flow, precursor to stroke

Question 32

What are risk factors for stroke?

Answer 32

Obesity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, age, alcohol, inactivity

Question 33

What are two types of stroke?

Answer 33

Thromboembolic and intracranial hemorrhage

Question 34

What acronym is used for stroke symptoms?

Answer 34

BE-FAST (Balance, Eyes, Face, Arms, Speech, Time)

Question 35

What is MNT for stroke?

Answer 35

MIND/DASH diet, high fiber, low sat fat, omega-3s, weight management

Question 36

What symptoms are seen in TBI?

Answer 36

Headache, dizziness, vomiting, LOC (loss of consciousness)

Question 37

What happens during early-phase stress response in TBI?

Answer 37

Cytokines, hypermetabolism, protein degradation

Question 38

How are energy needs determined in TBI?

Answer 38

By Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Question 39

True or False: GCS determines all MNT needs in TBI.

Answer 39

False – only energy needs

Question 40

What are protein needs for TBI?

Answer 40

1.5–2 g/kg

Question 41

Name two supplements that aid in brain healing after TBI.

Answer 41

Citicoline, omega-3s (EPA/DHA)

Question 42

Dysgeusia

Answer 42

Altered taste

Question 43

Dysphagia

Answer 43

Problems swallowing

Question 44

Dysnomia

Answer 44

Inability to speak or understand words

Question 45

Dysarthria

Answer 45

Slurred speech