Neurological system

Question 1

The neurological system

Answer 1

This is responsible for interpreting all sensory and motor functioning in the body.

Question 2

The brain is broken down into:

Answer 2

• • Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain stem

Question 3

Frontal lobes

Answer 3

• Concentration
• Memory (storage)
• Motor function
• Broca’s area of speech
• Affect
• Personality
• Judgement

Question 4

Parietal lobes

Answer 4

Sensory awareness
Orientation
Spatial awareness

Question 5

Temporal lobes

Answer 5

• Somatization
• Integration & Interpretation of sensory information especially auditory (hearing)
• Major role in thinking process

Question 6

Occipital lobes

Answer 6

• Sensory

- Visual intepretation

Question 7

Thalamus

Answer 7

• Relay station for all sensory input except smell
• All memory
• Sensation
• Pain

Question 8

Hypothalamus

Answer 8

• Hunger /appetite
• Sleep/wake cycles
• Emotional responses
• Sexual behavior
• Regulates the endocrine system (pituitary gland)
• Growth
• Blood pressure

Question 9

Cerebellum

Answer 9

• Controls movement
• Fine movement
• Balance position
• Proprioception (sense of where each body part is)

Question 10

Brain stem

Answer 10

– Mid brain
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
(-) Autonomic system - controls heart rate, breathing, temperature

Question 11

Structures protecting the brain

Answer 11

• Occipital bone
• Parietal bones
• Temporal
• Sphenoid
• Frontal
• Nasal
• Zygomatic
• Maxilla
• mandible

Question 12

Meninges

Answer 12

Fibrous connect tissue

- Dura mater  - - Arachnoid (production of cerebrospinal fluid 
 - Pia mater 

Cerebrospinal fluid
- Consists of the same components as blood plasma

Question 13

Spinal cord

Answer 13

Serves as a relay station for sensory and motor stimulation from the periphery

Consists of gray and white matter

Is surrounded by meninges and protected by the vertebral column

Question 14

Glasgow coma scale

Answer 14

This measures the patient’s level of consciousness or awakeness.

EYE OPENING

• Spontaneous eye opening 4
• Speech 3
• Pain 2
• No response 1

BEST VERBAL RESPONSE

• Oriented to time, place and person 5
• Confused 4
• Inappropriate words 3
• Incomprehensible sounds 2
• No response

MOTOR RESPONSE

- Obeys commands 6
- Moves to localized pain 5
- Withdraws from pain (flexion) 4
- Abnormal flexion (decorticate) 3
- Abnormal extension (decerebrate) 2 
- None 1

8 or less = coma

Question 15

Graphesthesia

Answer 15

is the ability to recognize symbols when they’re traced on the skin.

Question 16

Paresthesia

Answer 16

refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body

Question 17

Assessment

Answer 17

Examine the 12 cranial  nerves 
Examine the motor nerves 
  - Romberg test: measures your sense of balance
   - Heel to toe shine test
Discrimination with eyes closed
   - Light touch
   - sharp
   - Dull
   - Vibration

Question 18

Reflex

Answer 18

an unplanned and involuntary movement or reaction in response to environmental stimuli

Question 19

Reflex arc

Answer 19

A neural pathway that controls a reflex, where a nerve impulse travels to the synapse of the spinal cord

This allows faster actions by activating spinal motor
neurons without the delay of sending signals to the
brain

Question 20

How does the reflex arc function?

Answer 20

1. A stimulus activates the receptors of the skin or mucous membrane.
2. This then activates a sensory neuron which relays an electrical impulse towards the spinal cord via a relay neuron
3. Spinal cord process the information and sends an electrical impulse to a motor neuron to facilitate a specific action at an effector

Question 21

Superficial reflexes

Answer 21

Reflexes are initiated when receptors on the surface of the skin, mucous membranes are stimulated

Question 22

Examples of the superficial reflexes

Answer 22

• Corneal
• Pupillary light reflex
• Swallowing reflex
• Pharyngeal
• Cough
• Abdominal
• Cremasteric

Question 23

Deep tendon reflexes

Answer 23

Reflexes are elicited from deeper structures (tendons) beneath the skin

Examines the stretch reflex of muscles
- automatic stretch of the muscle that occurs when the muscle tendon is percussed or struck

Examine the integrity of the motor system

Question 24

Examples of deep tendon reflexes

Answer 24

• Bicep reflex
  (-) examines C5 and C6
• Brachioradialis reflex
  (-) examines C5 and C6
• Triceps reflex
  (-) examines C7 and C8
• Patellar reflex
  (-) examines L2 and L4
• Achilles reflex
  (-) examines L4, L5, S1 and S2
• Plantar

Question 25

Abnormal reflex

Answer 25

Positive Babinski | - however normal in infants up to 24 months

Question 26

Baby reflexes

Answer 26

- sucking reflex - grasp reflex - rooting reflex - stepping reflex - startle reflex

Question 27

Astereognosis

Answer 27

Inability to recognize form of object by touch

Question 28

Hypalgesia

Answer 28

decreased pain sensation

Question 29

Apraxia

Answer 29

Inability to perform learned movements despite having the desire and physical ability to perform them

Question 30

Ataxia

Answer 30

Lack of coordination or movement

Question 31

Nystagmus

Answer 31

Jerking or bobbing of eyes as they track moving object

Question 32

In the voluntary division, fibers that connect the CNS to __________________ facilitate__________________ in response to stimuli.

Answer 32

1. Somatic nerves | 2. Reflex

Question 33

The brain is a network or _________________________ that control and integrate the body’s activities.

Answer 33

System

Question 34

Cell bodies are on the __________________(gray matter or cerebral cortex), while axons that connect to other parts of the nervous system( white matter or brain tissue)________________ of the brain.

Answer 34

1. neuron | 2. Subcortical

Question 35

Neurons communicate with each other at ___________________________ .

Answer 35

Synapses

Question 36

Controls motor function on the opposite side of the body.

Answer 36

hemispheres

Question 37

Receives input on the sensory function, including temperature, touch, pressure, and pain, also from the opposite side of the body.

Answer 37

Parietal lobe/ thalmus

Question 38

Is responsible for visual imaging, auditory processing and language comprehension.

Answer 38

Temporal lobe

Question 39

Is responsible for complex cognition: language and voluntary motor function

Answer 39

Frontal lobe

Question 40

Recognizes size, shape and texture of objects.

Answer 40

Parietal lobe

Question 41

Serves as the primary visual area.

Answer 41

Occipital lobe

Question 42

Registers auditory input and is responsible for hearing speech, behavior and memory.

Answer 42

Temporal lobe

Question 43

Explain why sensations from the right side of the body are dealt with on the left side of the brain.

Answer 43

The brain is divided into symmetrical left and right hemispheres. Each hemisphere is in charge of the opposite side of the body, so your right brain controls your left side. The right hemisphere also takes in sensory input from your left side and vice versa

Question 44

Discuss the dermatomes and what part of the body they cover

Answer 44

A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve. There are 8 cervical nerves (note C1 has with no dermatome), 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves and 5 sacral nerves. Each of these spinal nerves relay sensation from a particular region of the skin to the brain

Question 45

Discuss what the reflexes are and made a brief statement for what they do

Answer 45

A reflex is an involuntary movement or reaction to stimuli . The reflexes are divided into superficial reflexes and deep tendon reflexes. Superficial reflexes when receptors on the skin and mucous membranes are stimulated whilst deep tendon reflexes are elicited from deeper structures within the body (tendons).