Neurological System Flashcards
1
Q
3 main parts from the brain
A
Cerebrum (Front/Parietal/Temporal/Occipital)
Cerebellum
Brainstem (Pons\Medulla Oblongata\Midbrain)
2
Q
Front lobe
A
↑cognitive function reasoning abstraction Concentration
3
Q
Parietal lobe
A
integrates sensory information
4
Q
Temporal lobe
A
sound smell processing of complex stimuli
5
Q
Occipital lobe
A
light sense and interpretation of visual stimuli
6
Q
Cerebellum
A
links sense inpit with motion
coordination and balance
7
Q
Pons
A
Message relay from cerebrum and cerebellum and has pneumotaxic center (rate and rhythm) taht controls respirator function
8
Q
Medulla Oblongata
A
Eye head coordination
has centers for cardiac vasomotor and respiratory systems
9
Q
Midbrain
A
center of hemispheres and lower brain
center for auditory and visual reflexes
10
Q
CNS pathways
A
Sensory pathways to became conscious perceptions
Motor paths transmit signals from the brain to muscles
Nerves cross over
11
Q
CN nerves
A
12 nerves: 2 from cerebrum 10 from brainstem
12
Q
CN I
A
Olfactory (sensory)
smell
13
Q
CN II
A
Optic (sense)
sight
14
Q
CN III
A
Oculomotor (motor)
Eye movement superiorly, medial. diagonal
contracts pupil
15
Q
CN IV
A
Trochlear (Motor)
Eye movement up and down
16
Q
CN V
A
Trigeminal (Sense/motor)
M: Chewing and jaw opening and clenching
S: Convey sense from eye (cornea), nose mouth teeth jaw forehead scalp and facial skin
17
Q
CN VI
A
Abducens
M: lateral eye movement
18
Q
CN VII
A
Facial
M:Closes eyes and mouth, moving mouth and other facial muscles, salivation and lacrimation
S: Tasting on anterior tongue
19
Q
CN VIII
A
Acoustic
S:hearing and equilibrium
20
Q
CN IX
A
Glossopharyngeal
M: swallowing, gag sense and saliva secretion
S: Post tongue taste
21
Q
CN X
A
Vagus
M: Palate, pharynx, larynx (speaking and swallowing )
SM: cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems
22
Q
CN XI
A
Spinal Accessory
M: Contraction muscles of neck and shoulders
23
Q
CN XII
A
Hypoglossal
M: tongue movement, articulation with the tongue , swallowing
24
Q
Spinal Nerve pairs
A
8 for Cervical 12 for T 5 for T 5 for Sacral 1 for coccygeal
25
Parasympathetic system
ctrl visceral functions (rest and digest)
26
Sympathetic system
Crtl excitatory response
27
ANS ctrl →
Smooth muscle
glands of organs and blood vessels
sensory information to brain
28
Brain CT scan
structural imaging study
| diagnoses cerebral hemorrhage tumors and inflammatory disorders
29
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
attached to the head to measure electrical activity of the brain to diagnose seizure activity and neurological disorders
30
Lumbar Puncture
needles in to the subarachnoid space of vertebrae for CSF
31
Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)
structural imaging study to create a clear picture of the tissue used for the diagnosis of neurological disease spinal cord injuries and cerebral infarction
32
Positron=emission tomography (PET)
evaluates brains metabolism flow O2 use and glucose metabolism and chemical processes using a radioactive dye
for early detection of dementias Parkinson's and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
33
Cerebral angiography
dye to femoral arteries for cerebra l circulation
| for stenosis occlusion or aneurysms
34
Meningitis
inflammation and infection of meninges by virus fungus or bacteria
swelling → headache fever rashes altered mental statuus and a stiff neck
35
Neuropathy
loss of sensation that may feel like numbness tingling or inability to feel often in the extremity
36
Neuropathies
Nerves of the periphery are damaged by peripheral vascular disease tissue ischemia and diabetes
Paresthesia pain weakness
37
Transient ischemic attack TIA
temporary loss of flow to the brain for only a few minutes
Symptoms can be loss of sensation numbness difficulty speaking double vision dysphagia dizziness and motor or sensory deficits
38
Dysphasia
partial impairment of language
39
Global Aphasia
Injury to left, middle, cerebra artery infection
complete impairment of language
for comprehension and verbal, written, signed expression modalities
40
Visual-Receptive Aphasia
Wernicke's (injury parietal-occipital area): unable to understand language spoken or written
41
Expressive Aphasia
Broca's (injury inferior frontal area): unable to understand written or spoken
42
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
43
Types of headache
```
Migraine
Tension
Cluster
Chronic daily
Increased or decreased CSF headache
```
44
Migraine
dysfunction in stem or generics
| Throbbing pain in one side of the head with sense sensitivity to light sound and movement w/ or w/o aura
45
Tension headache
Stress related predisposed by stress/eye strain/ bad posture
| Episodic general pain/pressure around the circumference of the head w/o nausea vomiting photophobia
46
Cluster headache
Unknown: Post Hypothal/CN V disorder or dysfunction
unilateral one side burning stabbing piercing pain swelling or redness around affected eye at the same time daily
3:1 in men: women
47
Chronic daily
overuse of analgesic meds
Neck stiffness muscle contraction
severe on awaking made worse by exertion activity
48
Increased or decreased CSF headache
Benign lesion, increase CSF →ICP, post lumbar puncture, vinous Valsalva (lifting straining coughing)
General pressure headache, presents on walking, some relief over day, visual disturbances
49
Dysphonia
Paralysis of soft palate:
| Diffi speaking hoarseness or whisper
50
Dysarthria
Motor deficit of tongue or speech muscles
51
Hypoxia
lack of O2 to brain → changes in mental status
52
Atrial Fibrulation
↑ risk for stroke by giving to formation of blood clots in atrium. can dislodge and trap in cerebral arteries
53
Paresthesia
numbness or tingling in extremities due to ↓circulation
| Chronic →neurological disease, traumatic nerve damage, CNS disease,tumor
54
Myasthenia
lack of muscled tone or str
55
Myasthenia gravis
neuromuscular autoimmune → weakness of voluntary muscle
| chronic muscle fatigue, dysphagia, drooping eyelid, slurred speech
56
Multiple Sclerosis MS
inflammitory NS disease
nerve cells are damaged by ↓transmission and comms btwn brain and body
May not be able to walk
57
NS HH
General health, genetics, health promotion (exercise, exercise. sleep , stress), skin. head nose ears eyes throat respiratory cardiovascular gastrointestinal musculoskeletal endocrine hematological
58
MMSE
Time orientation
Registration
Naming
Reading
59
Glasgow scale for comas min/max
Eye\motor\ verbal response
3 to 15
60
Glasgow eye response
4: opens spontaneously
3: opens on verbal command
2: opens to pain
1: No response
61
Glasgow Motor response
6: Reacts to verbal command
5: IDs localized pain
4: Flexes and withdrawal from pain
3: Assumes flexor posture
2: Assumes extensor posture
1: No reponse
62
Glasgow verbal response
5: oriented and converses
4: disoriented but converses
3: uses inappropriate words
2: makes in comprehensible words
1: No response
63
Deep tendon reflexes grading
0: Absent
1+: slight response but diminished
2+: normal response w/ average str
3+: very brisk or exaggerated response may (not) be normal
4+tap gives a repeating reflex (clonus) always abnormal
64
Level of consciousness assessment
| Questions
Do you have any kids? --> memory
| Basically conversationally test these things out
65
Lethargic
Difficulty maintaining mentation or is sluggish
| Aroused and able to answer
66
Obtunded
Lowered alertness: can only keep awake while verbal or tactile stimuli
Confused when awake
67
Stupor
Unresponsive to verbal stimuli
Lowered pain response
Nonverbal if they open their eyes
68
Comatose
Deep unconsciousness
| Lack of response to stimuli
69
Anosmia
Inability to smell or ID the correct smell indicates loss of CN I nerve
70
CN II test visual acuity
Snellen chart at 20 ft
| Used for sight loss like far near sightedness
71
Myopia
Nearsightedneaa 21+/20
72
Hyperopia
Far sightedness
| Distant clear near blurriest
73
Presbyopia
Inability to focus needs magnifying glass
74
Legal blindness
20/200 or more
| Normal can see at 200 what Person can see 20
75
Ocular motility test for CN III, IV, VI
Finger movement test in H formation 6 cardinal position of gaze
76
Diplopia
Subjective complaint related to muscular dysfunction or neurological problem
77
Nystagmus
Involuntary cyclical movement of eyes when fixed in a moving object or fixed on something in peripheral vision
78
Visual field test CN III IV VI
Checking for peripheral vision
79
Convergence and Accomodation nerves
CN II III
80
Consensual pupil response
Penlight in pupil do they both react
81
Mydriasis
Bilateral dilated fixed pupils
82
Miosis
Abnormal constriction of the pupils
83
Anasocoria
Unequal pupil size
84
Homer's syndrome
Affects one side of the face
Droopy eyelid
Constricted pupil
85
Cataracts
Cloudy lens that causes blurry lowered vision or blindness
86
Glaucoma
Intraocular pressure that damages optic nerve
| Loss of peripheral vision
87
Macular degeneration
Degeneration of central field of vision
88
Ptosis
Droopy eyelid
89
Blepharitis
Inflammation and infection of the eyelid margins from too much crusty oil
90
Blocked lacrimal gland
Excessive tearing since they can't drain
91
Cataracts
Opacity of lens
92
Conjunctivitis
Bacterial or viral infection that causes sceral erythema and conjunctiva yellow green drainage
