Neurological System Pt.1

Question 1

Regions of the vertebral column

Answer 1

cervical (C1-C7)
thoracic (T1-T12)
lumbar (L1-L5)
sacrum (S1-S4)
coccyx

Question 2

Spinal curvature in an early embryo

Answer 2

primary curvature

Question 3

Spinal curvatures in an adult

Answer 3

secondary (c) > primary (t) > secondary (l) > primary (s)

Question 4

define excessive kyphosis

Answer 4

abnormality of the spine causing excessive curvature with pain and stiffness (too rolled forward)

Question 5

define excessive lordosis

Answer 5

excessive inward curvature of the spine in the lower back.

Question 6

define scoliosis

Answer 6

condition characterised by sideways curvature of the spine or back bone

Question 7

label image of typical vertebra

Answer 7

body, arch, pedicle, transverse process, lamina, spinous process, sup/inf articular process, sup/inf vertebral notch

Question 8

Compare vertebral bodies of cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebra.

Answer 8

C: rectangular w/ concave sup + convex inf surface
T: columnar, heart shaped in sup view
L: massive columnar, kidney shaped in sup view

Question 9

Compare vertebral foramen of cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebra.

Answer 9

C: triangular
T: circular, relatively small compared to the body
L: triangular, intermediate size

Question 10

Compare spinous processes of cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebra.

Answer 10

C: bifid
T: long + sloping, overlaps inferior vertebra
L: short, broad, blunt

Question 11

Compare transverse processes of cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebra.

Answer 11

C: perforated (foramen transversarium) w/ ant/pos tubercles
T: long, strong, extend posterolaterally
L: long, slender, directed laterally

Question 12

Where is uncinate process found?

Answer 12

found bilaterally C3-C7

Question 13

Compare articular facets of cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebra.

Answer 13

C: oblique, relatively horizontal, directed primarily super/inf
T: costal x2 on each side of body, x1 on each trans process, nearly vertical articular facets primarily directed pos/ant
L: nearly vertical directed primarily medially and laterally

Question 14

label an image of atlas and axis

Answer 14

x

Question 15

Which ligament limits the amount of rotation of the head?

Answer 15

alar ligament

Question 16

YES and NO joints?

Answer 16

YES atlanto-occipital

NO atlanto-axial

Question 17

What stabilises the atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 17

cruciate ligament

Question 18

cruciate ligament made up of?

Answer 18

superior longitudinal band
transverse ligament of atlas
inferior longitudinal band

Question 19

List typical ligaments of the spinal column, label them on a diagram.

Answer 19

posterior longitudinal
anterior longitudinal
supraspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum
interspinous ligament

Question 20

Label a cross section of the intervertebral disc.

Answer 20

concentric lamellae
nucleus pulposus
anulus fibrosus

Question 21

Number of spinal segments

Answer 21

31

Question 22

number of pairs of spinal nerves

Answer 22

31

Question 23

spinal nerve numbers by spinal region

Answer 23

c 8
t 12
l 5
s 5
c 1

Question 24

nerves leave the vertebral column through?

Answer 24

intervertebral foramina

Question 25

C1-C7 leave the vertebral column above or below vertebrae?

Answer 25

above

Question 26

C8-coccygeal leave the vertebral column above or below vertebrae?

Answer 26

below

Question 27

List the enlargements for the innervation of the limbs.

Answer 27

cervical (C3-T1) > upper limbs | lumbar (L1-S2) > lower limbs

Question 28

Describe the parts of the spinal nerve from the spinal cord

Answer 28

anterior/posterior horns of grey matter > posterior (sensory)/anterior (motor) roots > /sensory ganglion/ > spinal nerve > anterior/posterior rami (mixed sensory/motor axons

Question 29

Which of the periosteal or meningeal layer of the dura mater is closest to the skull?

Answer 29

periosteal

Question 30

Name the meningeal layers from superficial to deep.

Answer 30

dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

Question 31

No epidural space within the _________ but one in the _____________.

Answer 31

cranial cavity | vertebral column

Question 32

Spinal dura mater is continuous with what layer meningeal or periosteal?

Answer 32

meningeal

Question 33

What is the epidural space?

Answer 33

true space between the dura and the vertebral periosteum filled with fat and venous plexus

Question 34

Subarachnoid space

Answer 34

filled with CSF

Question 35

What happens to the dura mater in the spinal cord?

Answer 35

continuous with inner sheet of dura in cranium, forms dural sac, extends to S2

Question 36

What happens to the arachnoid mater in the spinal cord?

Answer 36

ballooned up against the dura

Question 37

What happens to the pia mater in the spinal cord?

Answer 37

adheres tightly to the surface of the spinal cord

Question 38

What is the denticulate ligament?

Answer 38

extensions of the pia that anchor the spinal cord to the dura, lateral denticulate ligaments separate posterior and anterior roots

Question 39

Posterior roots enters the spinal cord in?

Answer 39

posterolateral sulcus

Question 40

Posterior roots exits the spinal cord in?

Answer 40

anterolateral sulcus

Question 41

How is epidural/spinal anaesthesia administered?

Answer 41

into subarachnoid/epidural space

Question 42

What is the lumbar cistern?

Answer 42

exists at about L2/S2, reservoir of CSF, enlargement of the subarachnoid space

Question 43

List examples of spinal pathology.

Answer 43

Fractures of vertebral column Prolapsed intervertebral disc - sciatica Spondylosis (degeneration) Spondylolysis (stress fracture of pars interarticularis) Spondylolisthesis (forward displacement of vertebra) Spondylitis (inflammation of vertebrae) Spinal cord injury

Question 44

Factors affecting severity of spinal lesions

Answer 44

loss of neural tissue, vertical level (higher the lesion the greater the disability), transverse plane (no of tracts involved)

Question 45

The intermediate upper and lower limb examinations can be subdivided into the following categories:

Answer 45

tone power reflexes sensations

Question 46

What steps should you include prior to starting an examination?

Answer 46

ensure you are wearing correct PPE, hand wash, introducing yourself, confirm patient's name and DOB, patient consent, ensure adequate exposure and positioning of the patient

Question 47

When doing a neurological exam of the upper and lower limbs, what are you checking for?

Answer 47

tone power reflexes sensation