Neurology

Question 1

what are the 12 cranial nerves

Answer 1

1. olfactory S
2. optic S
3. occulomotor M eye
4. trochlear M oblique eye
5. trigeminal S&M face & mastication
   6.abducent - M ext rectus eye
   7.facial M
   8.auditory (vestibulococklear) S ear
6. glossopharangeal S&M mouth
   10.vagus M&S lots!! heart, lungs, breathing, ear
   11.spinal accessory M trapezius
   12.hypoglossal M tongue

Question 2

what are the main parts of the neuron

Answer 2

• soma
• dendrite
• axon
• axon terminal
• axoplasm
• axolemma

Question 3

what are the basic neuron types

Answer 3

1. bipolar
2. unipolar
3. multipolar
4. pyrimidal

Question 4

what are the types of protein channels in the neuron membrane

Answer 4

1. leakage
2. mechanically gated
3. ligand gated
4. voltage gated

Question 5

outline the phase of the action potential

Answer 5

5. resting
6. threshold or stimulus
7. rising or depolarization
8. falling or repolarization
9. undershoot or hyperpolarization
10. recovery

Question 6

what is the action potential threshold

Answer 6

-55mV

Question 7

what is the maximum mV the action action potential reaches

Answer 7

30mV

Question 8

which channels open at -55mV

Answer 8

voltage gated sodium channels
(they close 1millisecond after they open, stopping the inward rush of sodium

Question 9

which channels open when the AP reaches +30 mV

Answer 9

the voltage gated potassium channels open, leading to repolarization phase

Question 10

what happens during hyperpolarization

Answer 10

prolonged outflow of potassium ions causes the potential difference to reach -90 mV;
the sodium-potassium gates close, and the sodium-potassium pump and leakage channels restore resting concentrations of sofium and potassium ions, allowing the membrane to return to a resting state of -70mV

Question 11

what are the 3 main neuroglia we are concerned with

Answer 11

1. schwann cells - myelin
2. oligodendrocytes - myelin
3. ependymal cells - secrete and absorb CSF

Question 12

what sits between the schwann cells

Answer 12

the node of ranvier

Question 13

how is the AP transmitted

Answer 13

1. reaches presynaptic terminal
2. depolarization opens ion channels, allowing calcium into cell
3. triggers release of neurotransmitters
4. they bind to receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane
5. opening/closing causes change in postsynaptic membrane potential
6. AP propagate through next cell
7. neurotransmitter is anactivated or transported back into presynaptic terminal

Question 14

what are the largest family of integral membrane proteins

Answer 14

g-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)

Question 15

what are the layers of meninges

Answer 15

1. dura mater
2. arachnoid
3. pia mater

Question 16

where is the epidural and subdural space

Answer 16

above and below the dura mater

Question 17

in the spine, where are the sensory and motor pathways

Answer 17

sensory: posterior
motor: anterior

Question 18

what is white matter and grey matter

Answer 18

white: axons
grey: main body of the neuron

Question 19

how is the brain broadly divided

Answer 19

1. forebrain
2. midbrain
3. hindbrain

Question 20

where is the hypothalamus and pituitary gland located in the brain

Answer 20

in the forebrain, part of the limbic system

Question 21

where is the hypothalamus and pituitary gland located in the brain

Answer 21

in the forebrain, part of the limbic system

Question 22

what is the function of the hypothalamus

Answer 22

1. maintain BP, temperature, fluids, weight, hormones
2. regulates consciousness, sleep and alertness
3. emotions, facilitates memory storage and retrieval
4. links conscious rational brain with unconscious autonomic

Question 23

what is the prime function of the cerebrum

Answer 23

high intellectual function

Question 24

what is the main function of the midbrain

Answer 24

• vision
• hearing
• motor control
• sleep, wakefulness, arousal
• temperature regulation

Question 25

what happens in the midbrain

Answer 25

1. motor tracts pass up 2. sensory tracts pass down 3. red nuclei connect forebrain to crerbellum 4. substantia nigra - dopaminergic cells 5. planning movement

Question 26

whats in the hindbrain

Answer 26

* pons and medulla oblongata - automatic functions * pathway between crebral structures and spinal cord * cerebellum

Question 27

what is the role of the cerebellum

Answer 27

* balance * equilibrium * fine movements * proprioception * motor learning, muscle memory

Question 28

what are the receptors of the PNS

Answer 28

1. thermoreceptors 2. photoreceptors 3. chemoreceptors 4. mechanoreceptors 5. nocireceptors

Question 29

how will upper and lower motor neuron lesions affect tendon reflexes

Answer 29

upper lesion with cause hyperreflexia lower lesion will cause hyporelexia

Question 30

where does the sympathic nervous system originate

Answer 30

in the thoracolumbar area, in the ganglia infront of the spinal cord

Question 31

where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate

Answer 31

craneosacral area

Question 32

what cells are in the ganglia

Answer 32

preganglionic and postganglionic

Question 33

what is the mneumonics for cranial nerves

Answer 33

nerves: oh, oh,oh, to touch and feel a girl's vagina, such heaven S/M/B: some say money matters, but my brother says big boobs matter more

Question 34

sympathetic: parasympathetc:

Answer 34

* fight or flight * rest and digest both can be stimulated by emotions