Special Senses

Question 1

what are the key parts of smell

Answer 1

• olfactory bulb
• olfactory epithelium
• olfactory tract
• basal cells, act as stem cells, replenishing constantly

Question 2

outline in brief how we turn chemical particles into smell

Answer 2

• olfactory bulb, lots of neuron
• to olfactory nerve
• chemical particles get translated into AP

Question 3

what flavours can we taste

Answer 3

1. umami
2. sour
3. sweet
4. bitter
5. salty

Question 4

where are the cells that produce the AP in smell

Answer 4

in the olfactory epithelium

Question 5

what do olfactory supporting cells do

Answer 5

provide support, nourishment and insulation tot he receptor cells in the epithelium

Question 6

what does the olfactory gland (or bowmans gland) do

Answer 6

makes mucus, that disolves odorants

Question 7

what makes up the olfactory bulb

Answer 7

ganglionated neurons, known as glomeruli

Question 8

olfactory transduction

Answer 8

• impulse in olfactory receptor cell
• to olfactory nerve fibres
• to olfactory nerve
• to olfactory bulb
• to olfactory tract
• to primary olfactory cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus
• this will form associations of smell to sound and vision

Question 9

what happens when oderant molecules are inhaled

Answer 9

• dissolve in nasal mucus
• bind to a protein, coupled with a G-Protein
• activates adenylate cyclase
• produces cylclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
• activate ion channels and generate AP

Question 10

what are the key components involved in taste

Answer 10

2. papilla
3. taste hairs
4. taste pore
5. basal cells
6. gustatory cell
7. transitional cell

Question 11

what type of taste papilla are there

Answer 11

1. cirumvallate papilla
2. fungiform papilla
3. filiform papilla
4. foliate papilla

Question 12

what are the main cells of taste

Answer 12

gustatory

Question 13

which cranial nerves are involved in taste

Answer 13

1. glossopharangeal (IX)
2. vagus (X)
3. facial nerves (VIII)

Question 14

in taste, what is direct passage

Answer 14

• the passing of ions into the cell through ion channels in the plasma membrane
• associated with sallty and sour tastants, sodium and gydrogen ions

Question 15

what are the 2 passages of taste

Answer 15

1. direct passage
2. g protein coupled receptor mechanism

Question 16

what tastes are associated with the g protein coupled mechanism

Answer 16

• bitter, sweet and umami tastants

Question 17

how do taste chemicals get translated

Answer 17

1. gustatory receptor cells send impulse to
2. glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), facial nerve (VII) and vagus nerve (X)
3. that goes to the medulla oblongate: gustatory nucleus
4. to thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system
5. to primary gustatory area

Question 18

what are the key cells involved in vision, and where are they

Answer 18

photoreceptor cells, in the retina
* rods - light
* cones - colour

Question 19

what is the name for dilated and contracted pupil

Answer 19

1. mydriasis
2. miosis

Question 20

what are the 2 types of vision

Answer 20

1. peripheral
2. central/ focal

Question 21

what are the 2 types of fluid in the eye

Answer 21

1. vitreous - posterior chamber
2. aqueous - anterior chamber

Question 22

what colours do we see

Answer 22

red
green
blue

Question 23

what is the function of the iris and pupil

Answer 23

to adjust the amount of light that goes into the eye

Question 24

in vision, what does accomodation mean

Answer 24

focus the light on the back of the retina

Question 25

what is the job of the lens

Answer 25

refract the light and focus it

Question 26

what are the muscles called that adjust the curvature of the lens

Answer 26

the ciliary muscle

Question 27

what is the optic chiasma

Answer 27

it's where the visual information crosses to the opposite side

Question 28

in vision, where is the AP potential formed that travels to the optic nerve

Answer 28

in the rods and cones

Question 29

where is the blind spot

Answer 29

the optic disc

Question 30

which cranial nerves are involved with vision

Answer 30

II optic nerve III oculomotor IV trochlear VI abducent

Question 31

what type of receptors are found in the ear

Answer 31

mechanoreceptors - they react to movement and pressure to trigger an AP

Question 32

what are the key structures of the ear

Answer 32

tympanic membrane auditory ossicles cochlear vestibular apparatus organ of Corti

Question 33

which cranial nerves are involved in the ear

Answer 33

VIII vestibulocochlear - inner ear X vagus nerve - external ear

Question 34

what is the role of the eustachian tube

Answer 34

to prevent excess pressure

Question 35

what is the job of the last ossicle (in the inner ear)

Answer 35

it sends the sound vibrations through the oval window into the tympanic canal (which is filled with fluid) and out through the vestibular canal and exits through the round window

Question 36

where is the organ of corti and what does it do

Answer 36

between the timpanic and vestibular canal, in the cochlear duct; special cells with tentacles translate vibration into different frequencies that transmit AP

Question 37

which nerve is the organ of corti connected to

Answer 37

VIII vestibuleocochlear

Question 38

what is within the fluid in the semicircular canals, and why is it there

Answer 38

the fluid contains minerals; the movement of the mineral particles - otoliths - helps us perceive movement

Question 39

what is the anatomy of the vestibular system

Answer 39

* semicircular canals anterior, posterior and lateral * membranous ampulae * ultricle * saccule

Question 40

which cells tranlate the movement signals in the ear

Answer 40

bending stereo cilia - crista hair cells axons of vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII vestibulocochlear

Question 41

what is the crista in the inner ear

Answer 41

the sensory organ of rotation